Question: Why must words be carefully defined for

> For a transistor having the characteristics of Fig. 3.13, sketch the input and output characteris- tics of the common-collector configuration.

> An input voltage of 2 V rms (measured from base to ground) is applied to the circuit of Fig. 3.21. Assuming that the emitter voltage follows the base voltage exactly and that Vbe (rms) = 0.1 V, calculate the circuit voltage amplification (Av = Vo/Vi) and

> a. Given that dc = 0.980, determine the corresponding value of dc. b. Given dc = 120, determine the corresponding value of a. c. Given that dc = 120 and IC = 2.0 A, find IE and IB.

> Using the characteristics of Fig. 3.13a, determine dc at IB = 25 A and VCE = 10 V. Then calculate dc and the resulting level of IE. (Use the level of IC determined by IC = dcIB.)

> a. Using the characteristics of Fig. 3.13a, determine ac at IB = 60 A and VCE = 4 V. b. Repeat part (a) at IB = 30 A and VCE = 7 V. c. Repeat part (a) at IB = 10 A and VCE = 10 V. d. Reviewing the results of parts (a) through (c), does the value of 

> a. Using the characteristics of Fig. 3.13a, determine dc at IB = 60 A and VCE = 4 V. b. Repeat part (a) at IB = 30 A and VCE = 7 V. c. Repeat part (a) at IB = 10 A and VCE = 10 V. d. Reviewing the results of parts (a) through (c), does the value of 

> Determine Vo1, Vo2, and I for the network of Fig. 2.162.

> a. Using the characteristics of Fig. 3.13a, determine ICEO at VCE = 10 V. b. Determine dc at IB = 10 A and VCE = 10 V. c. Using the dc determined in part (b), calculate ICBO.

> a. For the common-emitter characteristics of Fig. 3.13, find the dc beta at an operating point of VCE = 6 V and IC = 2 mA. b. Find the value of a corresponding to this operating point. c. At VCE = +6 V, find the corresponding value of ICEO. d. Calculate

> Using the characteristics of Fig. 3.13: a. Find the value of IC corresponding to VBE = +750 mV and VCE = +4 V. b. Find the value of VCE and VBE corresponding to IC = 3.5 mA and IB = 30 A.

> a. Given an adc of 0.998, determine IC if IE = 4 mA. b. Determine adc if IE = 2.8 mA, IC = 2.75 mA and ICBO = 0.1 A.

> a. Using the characteristics of Figs. 3.7 and 3.8, determine IC if VCB = 5 V and VBE = 0.7 V. b. Determine VBE if IC = 5 mA and VCB = 15 V. c. Repeat part (b) using the characteristics of Fig. 3.10b. d. Repeat part (b) using the characteristics of Fig. 3

> a. Using the characteristics of Fig. 3.8, determine the resulting collector current if IE = 3.5 mA and VCB = 10 V. b. Repeat part (a) for IE = 3.5 mA and VCB = 20 V. c. How have the changes in VCB affected the resulting level of IC? d. On an approximate

> a. Determine the average ac resistance for the characteristics of Fig. 3.10b. b. For networks in which the magnitude of the resistive elements is typically in kilohms, is the approximation of Fig. 3.10c a valid one [based on the results of part (a)]?

> Using the characteristics of Fig. 3.7, determine VBE at IE = 5 mA for VCB = 1, 10, and 20 V. Is it reasonable to assume on an approximate basis that VCB has only a slight effect on the rela- tionship between VBE and IE?

> If the emitter current of a transistor is 8 mA and IB is 1/100 of IC, determine the levels of IC and IB.

> Which of the transistor currents is always the largest? Which is always the smallest? Which two currents are relatively close in magnitude?

> Repeat Problem 10, but insert an impurity of indium.

> a. Using the characteristics of Fig. 2.152b, determine ID and VD for the circuit of Fig. 2.153. b. Repeat part (a) with R = 0.47 kΩ. c. Repeat part (a) with R = 0.68 kΩ. d. Is the level of VD relatively close to 0.7 V in each case? How do the resulting l

> a. Using the characteristics of Fig. 2.152b, determine ID, VD, and VR for the circuit of Fig. 2.152a. b. Repeat part (a) using the approximate model for the diode, and compare results. c. Repeat part (a) using the ideal model for the diode, and compare r

> Determine the required PIV ratings of the diodes of Fig. 2.123 in terms of the peak secondary voltage Vm.

> Determine the voltage available from the voltage doubler of Fig. 2.123 if the secondary voltage of the transformer is 120 V (rms).

> Sketch the output of the network of Fig. 2.145 if the input is a 50-V square wave. Repeat for a 5-V square wave.

> Design a voltage regulator that will maintain an output voltage of 20 V across a 1-kΩ load with an input that will vary between 30 V and 50 V. That is, determine the proper value of RS and the maximum current IZM.

> For the network of Fig. 2.188, determine the range of Vi that will maintain VL at 8 V and not exceed the maximum power rating of the Zener diode.

> a. Design the network of Fig. 2.187 to maintain V L at 12 V for a load variation (IL) from 0 mA to 200 mA. That is, determine RS and VZ. b. Determine PZ max for the Zener diode of part (a).

> a. Determine VL, IL, IZ, and IR for the network of Fig. 2.186 if RL = 180 Ω. b. Repeat part (a) if RL = 470 Ω. c. Determine the value of RL that will establish maximum power conditions for the Zener diode. d. Determine the minimum value of RL to ensure t

> Design a clamper to perform the function indicated in Fig. 2.185.

> Sketch the atomic structure of silicon and insert an impurity of arsenic as demonstrated for silicon in Fig. 1.7.

> Sketch the atomic structure of copper and discuss why it is a good conductor and how its struc- ture is different from that of germanium, silicon, and gallium arsenide.

> The equation for the speed of sound in a gas states that. Speed v is measured in m/s, γ is a dimensionless constant, T is temperature in kelvins (K), and m is mass in kg. What are the units of the Boltzmann constant, k

> How many significant figures should be written in the sum 4.56 g + 9.032 g + 580.0078 g + 540.439 g? (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (e) 7

> In terms of the original diameter d, what new diameter will result in a new spherical volume that is a factor of eight times the original volume? (a) 8d (b) 2d (c) d/2 (d) d × ∛2 (e) d/8

> An equation for potential energy states U = mgh. If U is in kg·m2·s−2, m is in kg, and g is in m·s−2, what are the units of h? (a) s (b) s2 (c) m−1 (d) m (e) g-1

> If the area of a circle is found to be half of its original value after the radius is multiplied by a certain factor, what was the factor used? (a) 1/(2π) (b) ½ (c) √2 (d) 1/√2 (e) 1/4

> If the length of a box is reduced to one third of its original value and the width and height are doubled, by what factor has the volume changed? (a) 2/3 (b) 1 (c) 4/3 (d) 3/2 (e) depends on relative proportion of length to height and width

> A student's lab report concludes, “The speed of sound in air is 327.” What is wrong with that statement?

> Why do scientists plot graphs of their data instead of just listing values?

> What are the first two steps to be followed in solving almost any physics problem?

> Sort the following units into three groups of dimensions and identify the dimensions: fathoms, grams, years, kilometers, miles, months, kilograms, inches, seconds.

> In the following calculations, be sure to use an appropriate number of significant figures. 3.68 × 107 g − 4.759 × 105 g

> What are some of the differences between the SI and the customary U.S. system of units? Why is SI preferred for scientific work?

> List three of the base units used in SI.

> Why is it important to write quantities with the correct number of significant figures?

> Are all the digits listed as “significant figures” definitely known? Might any of the significant digits be less definitely known than others? Explain.

> After which numeral is the decimal point usually placed in scientific notation? What determines the number of numerical digits written in scientific notation?

> What are some of the advantages of scientific notation?

> Once the solution of a problem has been found, what should be done before moving on to solve another problem?

> Why are simplified models used in scientific study if they do not exactly match real conditions?

> Give a few reasons for studying physics.

> Write these numbers in scientific notation: (a) the mass of a blue whale, 170 000 kg (b) the diameter of a helium nucleus, 0.000 000000 000 003 8 m.

> The population of a culture of yeast cells is studied to see the effects of limited resources (food, space) on population growth. (a) Make a graph of the yeast population (measured as the total mass of yeast cells, tabulated below) versus time. Draw a be

> On April 15, 1999, a South Korean cargo plane crashed due to a confusion over units. After takeoff, the first officer was instructed by the Shanghai tower to climb to 1500 m and maintain that altitude. The captain, after reaching 1450 m, twice asked the

> A baby was persistently spitting up after nursing, so the pediatrician prescribed ranitidine syrup to reduce the baby's stomach acid. The prescription called for 0.75 mL to be taken twice a day for a month. The pharmacist printed a label for the bottle o

> (a) How many center-stripe road reflectors, separated by 17.6 yd., are required along a 2.20-mile section of curving mountain roadway? (b) Solve the same problem for a road length of 3.54 km with the markers placed every 16.0 m. Would you prefer to be t

> Astronauts aboard the International Space Station use a massing chair to measure their mass. The chair is attached to a spring and is free to oscillate back and forth. The frequency of the oscillation is measured and is used to calculate the total mass m

> Use dimensional analysis to determine how the period T of a swinging pendulum (the elapsed time for a complete cycle of motion) depends on some, or all, of these properties: the length L of the pendulum, the mass m of the pendulum bob, and the gravitatio

> Three of the fundamental constants of physics are the speed of light, c = 3.0 × 108 m/s, the universal gravitational constant, G = 6.7 × 10−11 m3·kg−1·s−2, and Planck's constant, h = 6.6 × 10−34 kg·m2·s −1. (a) Find a combination of these three constant

> The electric power P drawn from a generator by a lightbulb of resistance R is P = V2/R, where V is the line voltage. The resistance of bulb B is 42% greater than the resistance of bulb A. What is the ratio PB/PA of the power drawn by bulb B to the power

> Without looking up any data, make an order-of-magnitude estimate of the annual consumption of gasoline (in gallons) by passenger cars in the United States. Make reasonable estimates for any quantities you need. Think in terms of average quantities. (1 ga

> The speed of ocean waves depends on their wavelength λ (measured in meters) and the gravitational field strength g (measured in m/s2) in this way: where K is a dimensionless constant. Find the values of the exponents p and q.

> Perform these operations with the appropriate number of significant figures. (a) 3.783 × 106 kg + 1.25 × 108 kg (b) (3.783 × 106 m)/ (3.0 × 10−2 s)

> The weight of an object at the surface of a planet is proportional to the planet's mass and inversely proportional to the square of the radius of the planet. Jupiter's radius is 11 times Earth's, and its mass is 320 times Earth's. An apple weighs 1.0 N o

> A car has a gas tank that holds 12.5 U.S. gal. Using the conversion factors from Appendix B. (a) determine the size of the gas tank in cubic inches. (b) A cubit is an ancient measurement of length that was defined as the distance from the elbow to the t

> Suppose you have a pair of Seven League Boots. These are magic boots that enable you to stride along a distance of 7.0 leagues with each step. (a) If you march along at a military march pace of 120 paces per minute, what is your speed in km/h? (b) Assu

> The average depth of the oceans is about 4 km, and oceans cover about 70% of Earth's surface. Make an order-of-magnitude estimate of the volume of water in the oceans. Do not look up any data. (Use your ingenuity to estimate the radius or circumference o

> One morning you read in the New York Times that a certain billionaire has a net worth of $59 000 000 000. Later that day you see her on the street, and she gives you a $100 bill. What is her net worth now? (Think of significant figures.)

> Kepler's third law of planetary motion says that the square of the period of a planet (T2) is proportional to the cube of the distance of the planet from the Sun (r3). Mars is about twice as far from the Sun as Venus. How does the period of Mars compare

> The weight W of an object is given by W = mg, where m is the object's mass and g is the gravitational field strength. The SI unit of field strength g, expressed in SI base units, is m/s2. What is the SI unit for weight, expressed in base units?

> Two thieves, escaping after a bank robbery, drop a sack of money on the sidewalk. Estimate the mass if the sack contains $1 000 000 in $20 bills.

> In the United States, we often use miles per hour (mi/h) when discussing speed, but the SI unit of speed is m/s. What is the conversion factor for changing m/s to mi/h?

> A furlong is 220 yd.; a fortnight is 14 d. How fast is 1 furlong per fortnight (a) in µm/s? (b) in km/d?

> Rank these measurements of surface area in order of the number of significant figures, from fewest to greatest: (a) 20 145 m2; (b) 1.750 × 103 cm2; (c) 0.000 36 mm2; (d) 8.0 × 10−2 mm2; (e) 0.200 cm2.

> The average speed of a nitrogen molecule in air is proportional to the square root of the temperature in kelvins (K). If the average speed is 475 m/s on a warm summer day (temperature = 300.0 K), what is the average speed on a frigid winter day (250.0 K)

> A sheet of paper has length 27.95 cm, width 8.5 in., and thickness 0.10 mm. What is the volume of a sheet of paper in cubic meters? (Volume = length × width × thickness.)

> The total length of the blood vessels in the body is roughly 100 000 km. Most of this length is due to the capillaries, which have an average diameter of 8 µm. Estimate the total volume of blood in the human body by assuming that all the blood is found i

> The record blue whale in Problem 73 had a mass of 1.9 × 105 kg. Assuming that its average density was 0.85 g/cm3, as has been measured for other blue whales, what was the volume of the whale in cubic meters (m3)? (Average density is mass divided by volum

> A typical virus is a packet of protein and DNA (or RNA) and can be spherical in shape. The influenza A virus is a spherical virus that has a diameter of 85 nm. If the volume of saliva coughed onto you by your friend with the flu is 0.010 cm3 and 10−9 is

> You are given these approximate measurements: (a) the radius of Earth is 6 × 106 m. (b) the length of a human body is 6 ft. (c) a cell's diameter is 2 × 10−6 m. (d) the width of the hemoglobin molecule is 3 × 10−9 m. (e) the distance between two atoms (

> Estimate the number of hairs on the average human head. Consider the number of hairs in an area of 1 cm2 and then consider the area covered by hair on the head.

> It is useful to know when a small number is negligible. Perform the following computations: (a) 186.300 + 0.0030, (b) 186.300 − 0.0030, (c) 186.300 × 0.0030, (d) 186.300/0.0030. (e) For cases (a) and (b), what percent error will result if you ignore

> Estimate the number of automobile repair shops in your city by considering its population, how often an automobile needs repairs, and how many cars each shop can service per day. Then do a web search to see if your estimate has the right order of magnitu

> The weight of a baby measured over the first 10 months is given in the following table. (a) Plot the baby's weight versus age. (b) What was the average monthly weight gain for this baby over the period from birth to 5 months? How do you find this value

> According to Kepler's third law, the orbital period T of a planet is related to the radius R of its orbit by T2 ∝ R3. Jupiter's orbit is larger than Earth's by a factor of 5.19. What is Jupiter's orbital period? (Earth's orbital period is 1 yr.)

> Use dimensional analysis to determine how the linear speed (v in m/s) of a particle traveling in a circle depends on some, or all, of the following properties: r is the radius of the circle; ω is an angular frequency in s−1 with which the particle orbits

> (a) Estimate the number of breaths you take in one year. (b) Estimate the volume of air you breathe in during one year.

> In a physics lab, students measure the sedimentation velocity v of spheres with radius r falling through a fluid. The expected relationship is v = 2r2 g (ρ − ρf)/(9η). (a) How should the students plot the data to test this relationship? (b) How could t

> In a laboratory you measure the decay rate of a sample of radioactive carbon. You write down the following measurements: (a) Plot the decay rate versus time. (b) Plot the natural logarithm of the decay rate versus the time. Explain why the presentation o

> A graph of x versus t4, with x on the vertical axis and t4 on the horizontal axis, is linear. Its slope is 25 m/s4 and its vertical axis intercept is 3 m. Write an equation for x as a function of t.

> You have just performed an experiment in which you measured many values of two quantities, A and B. According to theory, A = cB3 + A0. You want to verify that the values of c and A0 are correct by making a graph of your data that enables you to determine

> An object is moving in the x-direction. A graph of its position (i.e., its x-coordinate) as a function of time is shown. (a) What are the slope and vertical axis intercept? (Be sure to include units.) (b) What physical significance do the slope and int

> A nurse recorded the values shown in the following chart for a patient's temperature. Plot a graph of temperature versus elapsed time. From the graph, find (a) an estimate of the temperature at noon and (b) the slope of the graph. (c) Would you expect

> A patient's temperature was 97.0°F at 8:05 A.M. and 101.0°F at 12:05 P.M. If the temperature changes with respect to elapsed time was linear throughout the day, what would the patient's temperature be at 3:35 P.M.?

> Average-sized cells in the human body are about 10 µm in diameter. How many cells are in the human body? Make an order-of magnitude estimate.

> The quantity of energy Q transferred by heat conduction through an insulating pad in time interval Δt is described by Q/Δt = κA ΔT/d, where κ is the thermal conductivity of the material, A is the face area of the pad (perpendicular to the direction of he

> What is the order of magnitude of the height (in meters) of a 40-story building?

> Estimate the average number of times a human heart beats during its lifetime.

> Estimate the average mass of a person's leg.

> Estimate the volume of a soccer ball in cubic centimeters (cm3).

> What is the approximate distance from your eyes to a book you are reading?