Question: 1. Solid lead has more than four

> Revisit the Crossrail project example at the start of this chapter. Using, the three methods of distinguishing between projects that are described in the chapter (their volume and variety characteristics, their scale, complexity and degree of uncertainty

> Carlsberg, the brewing company, learnt of its crisis late one Friday afternoon. Something appeared to have gone wrong with the ‘widget’ in one of its cans of beer (a widget is the device in the bottom of a can which gives some canned beer its creamy char

> Every time we enter an elevator we are trusting our lives to the people who designed and made it, and, more immediately, the people who maintain it. Without effective maintenance, the elevators which are often on duty every minute of every day would lite

> An automated sandwich-making machine in a food manufacturer’s factory has six major components, with individual reliabilities as shown in Table 18.3. (a) What is the reliability of the whole system? (b) If it is decided that the wrapper

> Re-read the ‘Operations in practice’ example, ‘It’s the exception that proves the rule’. Do these examples invalidate the use of failure data in estimating component life?

> Look again at the figures in the chapter which illustrate the meaning of each performance objective for the four operations. Consider the bus company and the supermarket, and in particular consider their external customers. Draw the relative required per

> An Airbus A320 would not turn left no matter what the pilot tried. Eventually he managed to make a high-speed emergency landing. Fortunately, no one was hurt. The cause of the near- disaster was that engineers had forgotten to reactivate four of the five

> Wyco is a leading international retailer selling clothing and accessories with stores throughout the United States, Europe and the Middle East. The countries from which it sources its products include Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, India and Vietnam. It was shoc

> Although rare, air crashes do happen. Predominantly, the reason for this is human failure such as pilot fatigue. One kind of accident which is known as ‘controlled flight into terrain’, where the aircraft appears to be under control and yet still flies i

> The manager of a sweet shop decides to sample batches of sweets to check that the weight is reasonably consistent. She takes nine samples, each with 10 bags. The data below shows the average mean weight for each sample and the weight range. What control

> An animal park in Amsterdam has decided to sample 50 visitors each day (n) to see how many visitors are from overseas. The data below is for the last 7 days. If it decided to continue recording this data and plot it on a control chart for attributes, wha

> Look again at the ‘Operations in practice’ example that includes a description of the Four Seasons Canary Wharf. (a) The company has what it calls its Golden Rule; ‘Do to others (guests and staff) as you would wish others to do to you’. Why is this impor

> Tea and Sympathy’ (not a made-up name) was a British restaurant and café in the heart of New York’s West Village. It became fashionable not only with expatriate Brits but also with native New Yorkers, who were willing to queue to get in. One reason it be

> Understanding type I and type II errors is essential for surgeon’s quality planning. Appendectomy operations, for example, removal of the appendix is necessary because of the risk of it bursting, causing potentially fatal poisoning of the blood. The surg

> Re-read the ‘Operations in practice’ example ‘Ryanair reforms its view of service quality’. What does this example tell us about the trade-off between service quality and cost?

> The owner of a small wedding photography business realizes that the market is changing. “I used to take a few photos during the wedding ceremony and then formal group shots outside. It rarely took more than two hours. Around 30 photos would go in a stand

> A publishing company plans to replace its four proofreaders who look for errors in manuscripts with a new scanning machine and one proofreader in case the machine breaks down. Currently the proofreaders check 15 manuscripts every week between them. Each

> Quentin Cakes make about 20,000 cakes per year in two sizes, both based on the same recipe. Sales peak at Christmas time when demand is about 50 per cent higher than in the quieter summer period. Its customers (the stores that stock its products) order i

> While I1 is increasing, what is the direction of the magnetic force exerted on loop 2, if any? Explain.

> Refer to Example 26.2. One million muons are moving toward the ground at speed 0.9950c from an altitude of 4500 m. In the frame of reference of an observer on the ground, what are (a) the distance traveled by the muons; (b) the time of flight of the mu

> A coffee maker can be modeled as a heating element (resistance R) connected to the outlet voltage of 120 V (assumed to be dc). The heating element boils small amounts of water at a time as it brews the coffee. When bubbles of water vapor form, they carry

> 11. A projectile is launched at an angle θ above the horizontal. Ignoring air resistance, what fraction of its initial kinetic energy does the projectile have at the top of its trajectory? (a) cos θ (b) sin θ (c) ta

> Consider a closed surface that surrounds Q1 and Q2 but not Q3 or Q4. (a) Which charges contribute to the electric field at point P? (b) Would the value obtained for the net flux through the surface, calculated using only the electric field due to Q1 and

> The period of oscillation of a spring-and-mass system is 0.50 s and the amplitude is 5.0 cm. What is the magnitude of the acceleration at the point of maximum extension of the spring?

> A capacitor (capacitance = C) is connected to an ac power supply with peak voltage V and angular frequency ω. (a) During a quarter cycle when the capacitor goes from being uncharged to fully charged, what is the average current (in terms of C, V, and ω)

> Two metal spheres of radius 5.0 cm carry net charges of +1.0 µC and +0.2 µC. (a) What (approximately) is the magnitude of the electrical repulsion on either sphere when their centers are 1.00 m apart? (b) Why cannot Coulomb’s law be used to find the fo

> Make a figure analogous to Fig. 21.5 for an ideal inductor in an ac circuit. Start by assuming that the voltage across an ideal inductor is vL(t) = VL sin ωt. Make a graph showing one cycle of vL(t) and i(t) on the same axes. Then, at each of the times

> Pure water has very few ions (about 1.2 × 1014 ions per cubic centimeter), giving it a high resistivity, about 1 × 105 Ω·m at 37°C. Blood plasma has a much lower resistivity of roughly 0.6 Ω·m at 37°C due to the ions dissolved in the plasma. Assuming the

> One way to determine the location of your center of gravity is shown in the diagram. A 2.2 m long uniform plank is supported by two bathroom scales, one at either end. Initially the scales each read 100.0 N. A 1.60 m tall student then lies on top of the

> The volume of a solid cube with side s0 at temperature T0 is . Show that if Δs ≪ s0, the change in volume ΔV due to a change in temperature ΔT is given by (13-8, 13-9) and therefore that β

> Why must a camera or a projector use a converging lens? Why must the objective of a microscope or telescope be a converging lens (or a converging mirror)? Why can the eyepiece of a telescope be either converging or diverging?

> When you eat a pizza that has just come from the oven, why is it that you are apt to burn the roof of your mouth with the first bite although the crust of the pizza feels only warm to your hand?

> Rank the final speeds of the three rocks.

> 4A strip of copper 2.0 cm wide carries a current I = 30.0 A to the right. The strip is in a magnetic field B = 5.0 T into the page. (a) What is the direction of the average magnetic force on the conduction electrons? (b) The Hall voltage is 20.0 μV. Wha

> (a) Find the value of a single capacitor to replace the three capacitors in the diagram. (b) What is the potential difference across the 12 µF capacitor at the left side of the diagram? (c) What is the charge on the 12 µF capa

> Find the magnetic field at point P, the midpoint of the top side of the square.

> An external magnetic field parallel to the central axis of a 50 turn coil of radius 5.0 cm increases from 0 to 1.8 T in 3.6 s. (a) If the resistance of the coil is 2.8 Ω, what is the magnitude of the induced current in the coil? (b) What is the directi

> A sound wave with an intensity level of 80.0 dB is incident on an eardrum of area 0.600 × 10−4 m2. How much energy is incident on the eardrum in 3.00 min?

> Describe the difference between specular and diffuse reflection. Give some examples of each.

> The mechanical power output of a cyclist moving at a constant speed of 6.0 m/s on a level road is 120 W. (a) What is the force exerted on the cyclist and the bicycle by the air? (b) By bending low over the handlebars, the cyclist reduces the air resist

> When the NASA Rover Spirit successfully landed on Mars in January of 2004, Mars was 170.2 × 106 km from Earth. Twenty-one days later, when the Rover Opportunity landed on Mars, Mars was 198.7 × 106 km from Earth. (a) How long did it take for a one-way t

> The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum does not depend on the mass of the bob. By contrast, the period of a mass-spring system does depend on mass. Explain the apparent contradiction. [Hint: What provides the restoring force in each case? How doe

> Is the buoyant force on a soap bubble greater than the weight of the bubble? If not, why do soap bubbles sometimes appear to float in air?

> Show that each of these statements implies that v ≪ c, which means that v can be considered a nonrelativistic speed: (a) γ − 1 ≪ 1 [Eq. (26-26)]; (b) K ≪ mc2 [Eq. (26-27)]; (c) p ≪ mc [Eq. (26-28)]; (d) K ≈ p2/(2m).

> An automobile with a mass of 1600 kg has a speed of 30.0 m/s. What is its kinetic energy?

> 1. The compound microscope is made from two lenses. Which statement is true concerning the operation of the compound microscope? (a) Both lenses form real images. (b) Both lenses form virtual images. (c) The lens closest to the object forms a virtual ima

> 1. A baryon can be composed of (a) any odd number of quarks. (b) three quarks with three different colors. (c) three quarks of matching color. (d) a colorless quark-antiquark pair. 2. Mesons are composed of (a) any odd number of quarks. (b) three quarks

> In Problem 13, what is the kinetic energy of the muon? [Hint: The muon is nonrelativistic, so its kinetic energy-momentum relationship is K = p2/(2m). The antineutrino is extremely relativistic.]

> Give an example of an object whose acceleration is (a) in the same direction as its velocity, (b) opposite its velocity, and (c) perpendicular to its velocity.

> An ac circuit contains a 12.5 Ω resistor, a 5.00 µF capacitor, and a 3.60 mH inductor connected in series to an ac generator with an output voltage of 50.0 V (peak) and frequency of 1.59 kHz. Find the impedance, the power factor, and the phase difference

> Suppose a satellite is in a circular orbit 3.0 Earth radii above the surface of Earth (4.0 Earth radii from the center of Earth). By how much does it have to increase its speed in order to be able to escape Earth? [Hint: You need to calculate the orbital

> A harpsichord string is made of yellow brass (Young's modulus 90 GPa, tensile strength 0.63 GPa, mass density 8500 kg/m3). When tuned correctly, the tension in the string is 59.4 N, which is 93% of the maximum tension that the string can endure without b

> When batteries are connected in parallel, they should have the same emf. However, batteries connected in series need not have the same emf. Explain.

> Four objects move to the right with constant acceleration. Rank the motion diagrams in order of the magnitude of the acceleration, from greatest to least. The time interval between dots is the same in each diagram.

> Some claim that mountain climbers suffer from headaches due not only to a lack of oxygen in the brain, but also to the expansion of the brain in the cranium. Find the fractional change of the brain’s volume due to a reduction in pressure from 101 kPa at

> In the study of thermodynamics, we thought of a refrigerator as a reversed heat engine. (a) Explain how a generator is a reversed electric motor. (b) What kind of device is a reversed loudspeaker?

> One of the tricky things about learning to sail is distinguishing the “true wind” from the “apparent wind.” The true wind is the velocity of the air relative to the water, whereas th

> A person is doing leg lifts with 3.0 kg ankle weights. She is sitting in a chair with her legs bent at a right angle initially. The quadriceps muscles are attached to the patella via a tendon; the patella is connected to the tibia by the patellar tendon,

> A framed poster is covered with glass that has a rougher surface than regular glass. How does a rough surface reduce glare?

> In fair weather, over flat ground, there is a downward electric field of about 150 NlC. Assume that Earth is a conducting sphere with charge on its surface. If the electric field just outside is 150 N/C pointing radially inward, calculate the total charg

> Some bats determine their distance to an object by detecting the difference in intensity between echoes. (a) If intensity falls off at a rate that is inversely proportional to the distance squared, show that the echo intensity is inversely proportional

> For high-frequency sounds, the ear's principal method of localization is the difference in intensity sensed by the two ears. Why can't the ear reliably use this method for low-frequency sounds? Doesn't the head cast a “sound shadow” regardless of the fre

> What is the relationship between average velocity and instantaneous velocity? An object can have different instantaneous velocities at different times. Can the same object have different average velocities? Explain.

> 1. Two particles A and B of equal mass are located at some distance from each other. Particle A is at rest while B moves away from A at speed v. What happens to the center of mass of the system of two particles? (a) It does not move. (b) It moves with a

> 1. After getting on the Santa Monica Freeway, a sports car accelerates from 30 mi/h to 90 mi/h. Its kinetic energy (a) increases by a factor of /. (b) increases by a factor of 3. (c) increases by a factor of 9. (d) increases by a factor that depends on

> If diffraction were the only limitation on resolution, what would be the smallest structure that could be resolved in an electron microscope using 10 keV electrons?

> Unpolarized light is incident on four ideal polarizing sheets with their transmission axes oriented as shown in the figure. What percentage of the initial light intensity is transmitted through this set of polarizers?

> A raindrop inside a thundercloud has charge −8e. What is the electric force on the raindrop if the electric field at its location (due to other charges in the cloud) has magnitude 2.0 × 106 N/C and is directed upward?

> An alpha particle (helium nucleus, charge +2e) starts from rest and travels a distance of 1.0 cm under the influence of a uniform electric field of magnitude 10.0 kV/m. What is the final kinetic energy of the alpha particle?

> Refer to Fig. 20.2. The rod has length L and its position is x at some instant, as shown in the figure. Express your answers in terms of x, L, v, B (the magnetic field magnitude), and R, as needed. (a) What is the area enclosed by the conducting loop at

> An air ionizer filters particles of dust, pollen, and other allergens from the air using electric forces. In one type of ionizer (see diagram), a stream of air is drawn in with a speed of 3.0 m/s. The air passes through a fine, highly charged wire mesh t

> Two identical pucks are on an air table. Puck A has an initial velocity of 2.0 m/s in the +x-direction. Puck B is at rest. Puck A collides with puck B, and A moves off at 1.0 m/s at an angle of 60° above the x- axis. (a) What are the speed and direction

> It takes longer to hard-boil an egg in Mexico City (2200 m above sea level) than it does in Amsterdam (parts of which are below sea level). Why? [Hint: At higher altitudes, water boils at less than 100°C.]

> Rank the flywheels in order of angular speed, largest to smallest. Explain.

> Photons with a wavelength of 400 nm are incident on an unknown metal, and electrons are ejected from the metal. However, when photons with a wavelength of 700 nm are incident on the metal, no electrons are ejected. (a) Could this metal be cesium with a

> A 0.50 m long guitar string, of cross-sectional area 1.0 × 10−6 m2, has Young’s modulus Y = 2.0 GPa. By how much must you stretch the string to obtain a tension of 20 N?

> At what frequency/does a sound wave in air have a wavelength of 15 cm, about half the diameter of the human head? Some methods of localization work well only for frequencies below f, whereas others work well only above f. (See Conceptual Questions 4 and

> The distance between atoms in a crystal of NaCl is 0.28 nm. The crystal is being studied in a neutron diffraction experiment. At what speed must the neutrons be moving so that their de Broglie wavelength is 0.28 nm?

> Some digital thermometers measure the current through a semiconductor to determine a patient's temperature. If a thermometer uses a germanium wire that has a resistance of R at 37.0°C (normal body temperature), what is its resistance at 40.0°C?

> An array of four charges is arranged along the x-axis at intervals of 1.0 m. (a) If two of the charges are +1.0 µC and two are −1.0 µC, draw a configuration of these charges that minimizes the potential at x =

> Why is the brilliance of an artificial diamond made of cubic zirconia (n = 1.9) distinctly inferior to the real thing (n = 2.4) even if the two are cut the same way? How would an artificial diamond made of glass compare?

> A 15 A circuit breaker trips repeatedly. Explain why it would be dangerous to replace it with a 20 A circuit breaker.

> A 0.010 kg bullet traveling horizontally at 400.0 m/s strikes a 4.0 kg block of wood sitting at the edge of a table. The bullet is lodged into the wood. If the table height is 1.2 m, how far from the table does the block hit the floor?

> This problem illustrates the ideas behind the Millikan oil drop experiment—the first measurement of the electron charge. Millikan examined a fine spray of spherical oil droplets falling through air; the drops had picked up an electric charge as they were

> In each of six situations, a particle (mass m, charge q) is located at a point where the electric field has magnitude E. No other forces act on the particles. Rank them in order of the magnitude of the particle’s acceleration, from largest to smallest. (

> Ultraviolet light of wavelength 220 nm illuminates a tungsten surface, and electrons are ejected. A stopping potential of 1.1 V is able to just prevent any of the ejected electrons from reaching the opposite electrode. What is the work function for tungs

> Suppose d = 3.25λ. (a) In terms of λ, what is the difference in the path lengths traveled by the waves that arrive at the detector at θ = 0? (b) What is the difference in the path lengths traveled by the waves tha

> The flux through a closed surface is zero. Is the electric field necessarily zero? Is the net charge inside the surface necessarily zero? Explain your answers.

> The FM radio band is broadcast between 88 MHz and 108 MHz. What range of capacitors must be used to tune in these signals if an inductor of 3.00 µH is used?

> One day when your friend from Problem 43 is picking up a package, you notice that he bends at the waist to pick it up rather than keeping his back straight and bending his knees. You suspect that the lower back pain he complains about is caused by the la

> Charges of +2.0 nC and −1.0 nC are located at opposite corners, A and C, respectively, of a square which is 1.0 m on a side. What is the electric potential at a third corner, B, of the square (where there is no charge)?

> Rank these nuclides in decreasing order of the number of neutrons: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

> (a) A proton moves with uniform circular motion in a magnetic field of magnitude 0.80 T. At what frequency f does it circulate? (b) Repeat for an electron.

> The orbital speed of Earth about the Sun is 3.0 × 104 m/s and its distance from the Sun is 1.5 × 1011 m. The mass of Earth is approximately 6.0 × 1024 kg and that of the Sun is 2.0 × 1030 kg. What is the magnitude of the force exerted by the Sun on Earth

> The average adult has about 5 L of blood, and a healthy adult heart pumps blood at a rate of about 80 cm3/s. Estimate how long it takes for medicine delivered intravenously to travel throughout a person’s body.

> Muons are created by cosmic-ray collisions at an elevation h (as measured in Earth's frame of reference) above Earth's surface and travel downward with a constant speed of 0.990c. During any time interval of 1.5 µs in the rest frame of the muons, half of

> As an electron moves through a region of space, its speed decreases from 8.50 × 106 m/s to 2.50 × 106 m/s. The electric force is the only force acting on the electron. (a) Did the electron move to a higher potential or a lower potential? (b) Across what

> A ray reflects from a spherical mirror at point P. Explain why a radial line from the center of curvature through point P always bisects the angle between the incident and reflected rays.

> Refer to Problem 40. You chose an angle θ of 33.8°. An 8.7 kg raccoon has climbed onto the beam and is walking from the wall toward the point where the cable meets the beam. How far can the raccoon walk before the cable breaks?

> The word flux comes from the Latin “to flow.” What does the quantity ΦE = E⊥ A have to do with flow? The figure shows some streamlines for the flow of water in a pipe. The streamlines are