Question: 3.1. Labor market equilibrium occurs at

> 4.1. In the market for insurance, the moral-hazard problem is that encourages . 4.2. While shopping for office equipment, an office manager sees a display of fire extinguishers. After making a single phone call, the manager decides not to buy

> 3.1. Suppose the average annual penalty is $10,000 for reckless drivers and $1,000 for careful drivers. If half of an insurance company’s insured drivers are reckless, the company will earn zero economic profit if the price of insurance is $ .

> 1.1. There is asymmetric information in the used-car market because (buyers/sellers) cannot distinguish between lemons and plums but (buyers/sellers) can. 1.2. The supply curve for high-quality used cars lies (above

> 1.1. Arrows up or down: At a natural monopolist’s current level of output, marginal cost exceeds marginal revenue. The firm should its output and its price. 1.2. The entry of a second firm shifts the demand curve of

> 2.1. The purpose of antitrust policy is to promote , which leads to lower . 2.2. There are three types of antitrust policies: (1) , (2) , and (3) . 2.3. In the Staples case discussed in this chapt

> 4.1. Otto has a monopoly on limousine service, and Carla is thinking about entering the market. The outcome of the entry-deterrence game represented by the game tree on the following page is that Otto picks the quantity and Carla the

> 3.1. Robert Solow added ____________ to the conventional production function to account for technological change. 3.2. ____________ is a method used to determine the contribution to economic growth from increased capital, labor, and technological progre

> 5.1. The advertisers’ dilemma is that both firms would be better if advertises, but each has an incentive to . 5.2. The advertisers’ dilemma shown in Figure 27.10 on page 618 occurs when advertisi

> 2.1. For firms with a low-price guarantee, the promise of matching a lower price is a(n) promise because all firms will charge the same price. 2.2. Suppose that Jack and Jill use a tit-for-tat scheme to encourage cartel pricing. Jill chooses

> 1.1. A market is considered “unconcentrated” if the Herfindahl– Hirschman Index (HHI) is below and is “highly” concentrated if the HHI is at least . 1.2.

> 3.1. The trade-off with entry is that an increase in the number of firms leads to higher but greater. 3.2. When products are differentiated by location, the entry of firms generates benefits for consumers in the form of. 3.3. A perfectly competitive fir

> 1.1. Monopolistic competition describes a market served by firms that sell products. 1.2. Arrows up or down: At a firm’s current level of output, marginal revenue exceeds the marginal cost. The firm should its output and its price. 1.3. The marginal pr

> 2.1. Monopolistic competition refers to a market in which old boys act naturally as they transport tight slacks in the back of Dodge Ram pickup trucks. (True/False) 2.2. Perfectly competitive firms sell a product, while monopolistically competitive firm

> 4.1. Advertising for eyeglasses (increases/ decreases) the price of eyeglasses because advertising promotes . 4.2. An advertisement that succeeds in getting consumers to try the product will be sensible only if the number of

> 2.1. A monopoly is inefficient solely because the monopolist gets a profit at the expense of consumers. (True/False) 2.2. To show the deadweight loss from monopoly, we compare the monopoly outcome to what would happen under .

> 1.1. For a monopolist, marginal revenue is (greater/less) than price. 1.2. A monopoly that cuts its price gains revenue from its customers but loses revenue from its customers. 1.3. At a price of $18 per CD, a firm sells 60 CDs. If the slope of the dem

> 4.1. A price-discriminating firm will charge a higher price to consumers with a relatively (elastic/ inelastic) demand and a lower price to consumers with a relatively (elastic/inelastic) demand. 4.2. The aspirin sold in airports is more expensive than a

> 1.1. To gauge living standards across countries with populations of different sizes, economists use ____________. 1.2. In poor countries, the relative prices for nontraded goods (such as household services) to traded goods (such as jewelry) are ________

> 5.1. An increasing-cost industry is one in which the average cost of production as the total output of the industry . 5.2. Arrows up or down: Costs with output in an increasing-cost industry because input prices i

> 3.1. A firm will not shut down in the long run as long as its revenue is (larger/smaller) than the firm’s variable cost. 3.2. Your firm has a total revenue of $500, a total cost of $700, and a variable cost of $600. You

> 2.1. Economic profit equals minus . 2.2. Economic cost equals cost plus cost. 2.3. For a perfectly competitive firm, marginal revenue equals , and to maximize profit, the firm produces the quantity at

> 4.1. A firm’s short-run supply curve shows the relationship between on the horizontal axis and on the vertical axis. 4.2. The part of a firm’s marginal cost curve that is above the minim

> 3.1. The presence of explains the negatively sloped portion of a long-run average-cost curve, and the notion of explains the horizontal portion of the curve. 3.2. Consider the information provided in Figure 23.6. Suppose the output of a large aluminum f

> 1.1. The computation of economic cost is based on the principle of . 1.2. A firm’s implicit cost is defined as the cost of nonpurchased inputs, such as the entrepreneur’s and . 1.3. Economic profit equals minus . 1.4. Fill with “ec

> 4.1. The average cost of electricity (increases/ decreases) as the size of the wind turbine increases. 4.2. For information goods such as a music video distributed online, the cost of producing the first copy is very , but the marginal

> 2.1. The short-run marginal cost curve is shaped like the letter _________ and the short-run average cost curve is shaped like the letter _________. 2.2. The negatively sloped portion of the short-run marginal-cost curve is explained by _________ and th

> 1.1. Based on Figure 22.1, fill in the blanks in the following table to identify different points on the consumer’s budget line. Figure 22.1: 1.2. In Figure 22.1 (above), suppose the price of movies increases to $9. Draw a new budge

> 2.1. In an economy with no government sector or foreign sector, saving must equal investment because a. total demand is equal to consumption and investment. b. total income is equal to consumption and saving. c. total income is equal to total demand.

> 2.1. In Figure 22.5, suppose the price of movies increases from $3 to $6. The increase in price shifts the benefit curve (marginal utility per dollar) for movies (upward/downward). For the initial quantity of six movies, the marginal utility per dollar b

> 4.1. The introduction of cognition into a consumer’s choice between healthy and unhealthy food shifts the curve downward, causing the marginal utility per dollar of to be less than the marginal utility per dollar of . 4.2. C

> 5.1. The 1990 tax on yachts and other luxury goods was shifted forward to and backward to . 5.2. A tax paid in legal terms by producers will be partly shifted forward onto and partly shifted backward onto

> 2.1. You are willing to pay $3,000 to have your windows covered, and Tom’s marginal cost of covering windows is $2,500. If you agree to split the difference, the price is , your consumer surplus is , and Tom&a

> 4.1. In Figure 21.6, the taxi medallion policy prevents mutually beneficial transactions for consumers on the demand curve between points and and producers on the supply curve between points and . Figure 21.6: 4.2. In Figur

> 3.1. Arrow up or down: In Figure 21.5, rent control the quantity of apartments , producer surplus, consumer surplus , and the total market surplus . Figure 21.5: 3.2. In Figure 21.5 (

> 1.1. Consumer surplus equals minus . 1.2. Producer surplus equals minus . 1.3. In Figure 21.1, Tupak’s consumer surplus is , compared to for Thurl. Figure 21.1: 1.4. In Figure 2

> 2.1. Recall the example “Beer Prices and Highway Deaths” from the chapter. A doubling of the tax on beer will reduce the number of highway deaths among young adults by _________ percent. 2.2. Recall the example â

> 6.1. Assume that the elasticity of demand for chewing tobacco is 0.70 and the elasticity of supply is 2.30. Suppose an antichewing campaign decreases the demand for chewing tobacco by 18 percent. The equilibrium price of chewing tobacco will _________ (d

> 5.1. When the price of paper increases from $100 to $104 per ton, the quantity supplied increases from 200 to 220 tons per day. The price elasticity of supply is _________. 5.2. Suppose that in a month the price of movie rentals increases from $2 to $2.

> 5.1. Clear property rights reduce growth in an economy because producers are not able to freely use innovations. ____________ (True/False) 5.2. Which of the following events hinder economic growth? a. Uncertain financial environment b. Reduced savings

> 4.1. The income elasticity of demand is _________ (positive/ negative) for normal goods and _________ (positive/ negative) for inferior goods. 4.2. If a 20 percent increase in income increases the quantity of iPods demanded by 30 percent, the income ela

> 3.1. Demand is _________ on the upper portion of a linear demand curve and _________ on the lower portion of a linear demand curve. 3.2. If Maria spends a fixed dollar amount per week on movie rentals regardless of changes in the price, Maria’s demand f

> 3.1. Net transfers from abroad are a (n) entry on the current account. 3.2. The current, financial, and capital accounts must sum to . 3.3. The balance of payments is divided into three major accounts,

> 2.1. The best measure of the purchasing power of one currency relative to another is the . 2.2. When the U.S. and foreign price levels remain the same but the dollar appreciates, the real exchange rate will . 2.3. The

> 5.1. When prices rose in Mexico faster than in the United States and the nominal exchange rate remained constant, the real exchange rate . 5.2. If a country borrows in dollars, a depreciation of its own currency against the dollar

> 4.1. The government foreign currency for dollars if it wants to peg the exchange rate at a higher rate than would normally prevail in the market. 4.2. If there is an excess supply of a country’s currency at the fixed exchange rate, the

> 3.1. The _________ industry argument is often given to provide a rationale for tariffs for new firms. 3.2. Knowledge gained during production is known as _________ by doing. 3.3. If only one firm can exist in a market, a government may try to subsidize

> 5.1. Price discrimination occurs when a good is sold at _________ (higher/lower/similar/different) prices to different consumers. 5.2. Under global trade rules, the United States was allowed to ban Chinese bicycles because China violated U.S. dumping ru

> 2.1. If a country bans the importation of a particular good, the market equilibrium is shown by the intersection of the _________ curve and the _________ curve. 2.2. The equilibrium price under an import quota is _________ (above/below) the price that o

> 1.1. A country has a comparative advantage if it has a lower _________ cost of producing a good. 1.2. The terms of trade is the rate at which two goods can be _________ for one another. 1.3. Suppose a country has a comparative advantage in shirts but n

> 4.1. The latest trade round is called the _________ round. 4.2. The _________ was formed in 1995 to oversee GATT. 4.3. NAFTA took effect in _________ and was implemented over a _________ year period between _________, Mexico, and _________. 4.4. When

> 3.1. Suppose there is a consumption tax of 20 percent. You earn $1,150, have an income tax rate of 30 percent, and save $100 after tax. Your tax will be equal to . 3.2. A sales tax that is levied at all stages of production is known as a(n) tax. 3.3. M

> 1.1. If a government runs a deficit, it will its outstanding debt. 1.2. Proponents of Ricardian equivalence believe that deficits do not really matter as long as taxes are raised in the future. (True/F

> 2.1. In recent years, many developed countries have found that inflation targeting (increased/ decreased) the autonomy of their central banks, helping them fight inflation. 2.2. In , inflation targeting was adopted in 1992,

> 2.1. If actual inflation is higher than expected inflation, the actual unemployment rate will be _________ than the natural rate. 2.2. James Tobin explained business cycles with rational expectations. _________ (True/False) 2.3. The increase in the fra

> 1.1. The expected real rate of interest is the nominal interest rate plus the expected inflation rate. _________ (True/ False) 1.2. Countries with lower rates of money growth have _________ interest rates. 1.3. If the growth rate of money increases fro

> 4.1. The velocity of money is defined as _________ income divided by the supply of money. 4.2. According to the quantity equation, the product of money supply and velocity is equal to the product of _________ and _________. 4.3. The growth version of t

> 5.1. To eliminate a budget deficit, a government can _________ (increase/decrease) taxes and/or _________ (increase/decrease) spending. 5.2. During hyperinflations the velocity of money tends to _________ sharply. 5.3. Economists call inflation “hyperi

> 3.1. An aggressive union will shift the aggregate supply curve _________, causing prices to and real GDP to _________. 3.2. In the face of an upward shift in the aggregate supply curve, the Fed can increase the supply of money. This will prevent a reces

> 3.1. As the price level increases, the demand for money _________ and interest rates _________. 3.2. If output is above full employment, we expect wages and prices to rise, money demand to increase, and interest rates to fall. _________ (True/False) 3.

> 1.1. Economic models that assume that wages and prices adjust freely to changes in demand and supply are known as __________ models. 1.2. At full employment, there are only frictional and __________ unemployment. 1.3. According to classical economists, a

> 1.1. Wages and prices will fall when unemployment falls below its natural rate. _________ (True/False) 1.2. The short run in macroeconomics is the time period over which _________ do not adjust to economic conditions. 1.3. According to the logic of the

> 2.1. If output is less than potential output, prices _________ and the short-run aggregate supply curve shifts _________. 2.2. Output will automatically return to full employment in the long run if it deviates from full employment. _________ (True/False

> 1.1. We measure the opportunity cost of holding money with _________. 1.2. If interest rate decreases, investment spending _________ (increases/decreases) and money demand _________ (increases/decreases). 1.3. The principle of _________ suggests that t

> 5.1. _________ (Inside/Outside) lags would be longer for the European Central Bank. 5.2. Compared to fiscal policy, the outside lag for monetary policy is longer for monetary policy. _________ (True/ False) 5.3. Current and future short-term interest r

> 4.1. When the Federal Reserve buys bonds on the open market, it leads to _________ (increase/decreases) in the price of bonds. 4.2. To decrease the level of output, the Fed should conduct an open market _________ (sale/purchase) of bonds. 4.3. An open

> 2.1. To increase the supply of money, the Fed should _________ bonds. 2.2. An increase in price levels leads to _________ money demand. 2.3. Banks trade reserves with one another in the _________ market. 2.4. Banks borrow from the Fed at the _________

> 3.1. Interest rates typically rise in booms because the demand for money depends _________ on changes in real income. 3.2. If interest rates are 12 percent per year, the price of a bond that promises to pay $100 next year will be equal to _________. 3.

> 4.1. The Federal Reserve arranged for JPMorgan Chase & Co. to _________ Bear Stearns during the financial crisis in 2008. 4.2. The Federal Reserve helps finance the deficit of the U.S. government by _________ (creating/reducing) money. 4.3. A stress te

> 1.1. Money provides a convenient measuring rod when the _________ of all goods are expressed in _________ terms. 1.2. Gold is a good example of commodity money. _________ (True/False) 1.3. In the United States, currency held by the public constitutes a

> 2.1. Banks are required by law to keep a fraction of their deposits as _________. 2.2. When reserves do not pay interest, banks prefer to keep reserves rather than make loans. _________ (True/ False) 2.3. If the reserve ratio is 0.3 and a deposit of $50

> 5.1. On a graph of the labor market, show the effects of an increase in the payroll tax. 5.2. On a graph of the labor market, show the effects of a negative shock to technology on wages and employment. 5.3. Two examples of major technological innovatio

> 3.1. The Federal Reserve is the “_________ of last resort.” 3.2. The United States is divided into 12 districts, each of which has a Federal Reserve Bank. These banks do not participate in monetary policy decisions, but liaise between the Fed and other

> 3.1. If a project costs $100 and pays $105 in year 1 and $110 in year 2, the maximum interest rate at which the present value of investment exceeds its cost is _________. 3.2. As real interest rates rise, investment spending in the economy _________. 3

> 4.1. An illiquid financial asset is one that can easily be used to buy goods and services. _________ (True/False) 4.2. Creation of _________ following the Great Depression has greatly reduced the likelihood of runs on banks today. 4.3. Securitization r

> 2.1. If the interest rate is 25 percent, the present value of $500 paid 2 years from now equals _________. 2.2. If the interest rate is 10 percent, the present value of $300 paid 1 year from now equals _________. If the $300 is received in 5 years, the

> 1.1. Investment is a larger component of GDP than consumption, but it is much more volatile. _________ (True/False) 1.2. Investment spending is very _________, since it moves in conjunction with GDP. 1.3. Keynes states that optimism and pessimism relat

> 6.1. An increase in the price level will _________ GDP and thereby move the economy _________ the aggregate demand curve. 6.2. At any price level, the income-expenditure model determines the level of equilibrium output and the corresponding point on the

> 2.1. The consumption function describes the relationship between consumption expenditures and the level of _________. 2.2. A decrease in consumer confidence will shift the consumption function _________ (upward/downward). 2.3. If housing prices fall, y

> 4.1. The multiplier for taxes is greater than the multiplier for government spending. _________ (True/False) 4.2. An increase in the tax rate will _________ the government spending multiplier. 4.3. Economic fluctuations have _________ since World War I

> 5.1 A decrease in the marginal propensity to import will _________ the multiplier for investment spending. 5.2. The _________ is positive because consumers import more goods and services as income rises. 5.3. Use the income-expenditure graph to illustr

> 3.1. In our simple model, if C = 100 + 0.8y, and I = 50, equilibrium output will be _________. 3.2. If in Exercise 3.1 I increase to 100, a. the equilibrium income will be _________. b. the multiplier is _________. 3.3. The slope of the consumption fu

> 4.1. Suppose the supply of labor increases. Draw a graph to show how potential output and wages change. 4.2. Draw a graph to show how potential output and wages change when the stock of capital decreases. 4.3. Full-employment output is the level of out

> A.1. Find the Multiplier. An economy has a marginal propensity to consume (b) of 0.6 and a marginal propensity to import (m) of 0.2. What is the multiplier for government spending for this economy? A.2. The Effects of Taxes and Spending. Suppose the eco

> 1.1. To decrease aggregate demand, a government can either decrease spending or _________ taxes. 1.2. Fiscal policy refers to the _________ and _________ policies used by the government to influence the economy. 1.3. If the multiplier for taxation is &

> 2.1. Fiscal year 2015 began on October 1, _________. 2.2. Corporate taxes are the largest component of federal revenue. _________ (True/False) 2.3. Federal spending consists of _________ and _________. 2.4. The largest category of federal spending is

> 3.1. _________ was the first president to consciously use fiscal policy to stabilize the economy. 3.2. Since both taxes and government spending increased in the United States during the 1930s, there was __________ (large/little/no) net fiscal expansion.

> 3.1. The __________ depicts the relationship between the level of prices and the total quantity of goods and services that firms supply. 3.2. A decrease in material costs will shift the short-run aggregate supply __________. 3.3. The aggregate supply c

> 2.1. Which of the following is not a component of aggregate demand? a. Consumption b. Investment c. Government expenditures d. The supply of money e. Net exports 2.2. When we draw the aggregate demand curve, __________ should be on the x-axis and _

> 1.1. Arthur Okun distinguished between auction prices, which changed rapidly, and __________ prices, which are slow to change. 1.2 Auction prices are prices that adjust __________, while custom prices are prices that adjust __________. 1.3 The price sy

> 4.1. Suppose the supply of money increases, causing output to exceed full employment. Prices will __________ and real GDP will __________ in the short run, and prices will __________ and real GDP will __________ in the long run. 4.2. Consider a decrease

> 5.1. For each of the following pairs of population groups, indicate which group has a higher poverty rate: a. white vs. Hispanic b. white vs. Asian c. married couple vs. femaleheaded ho

> 3.1. A patent increases the incentive to develop new products because it the price of the product and thus generates profit to cover a firm’s costs of . 3.2. In some cases, a patent is socially inefficient because it merely

> 1.1. The firm-specific demand curve shows the relationship between the charged by the firm and the by the firm. 1.2. Consumers do not have a strong preference for the output of one seller over that of another in a market because the firms sell a standar

> 3.1. The key region of the brain for the valuation of benefits is the . 3.2. In the dopamine learning system, learning happens when the about the pleasure from a product are (correct/wrong). 3.3. The key region of the brain for the valuation of costs is

> 1.1. To compute the price elasticity of demand, we divide the percentage change in _________ by the percentage change in _________ and then take the value of the ratio. 1.2. If a 10 percent increase in price decreases the quantity demanded by 12 percent

> 1.1. The dollar against the euro when the European central bank lowers interest rates. 1.2. If the dollar appreciates against the euro, then the euro also against the dollar. 1.3. The price of one country’s currency in terms of another country’s curren

> 4.1. Professors Don _________ and Franco _________ developed the adjustment-process model used in this chapter. 4.2. Keynes’s objection to Say’s law was that it is possible for demand to create its own supply. _________ (True/ False) 4.3. Economists wh

> A.1. ____________ and ____________ are the two factors that determine how the stock of capital changes over time. A.2. Which of the following causes capital deepening to come to an end? a. The marginal principle b. The principle of diminishing returns

> 1.1. The income-expenditure model is most appropriate for long-run analysis. _________ (True/False) 1.2. Equilibrium output occurs when real output equals planned expenditures. _________ (True/False) 1.3. In our most basic model of the economy, the onl

> 2.1. Arrows up or down: An increase in the wage the opportunity cost of leisure time, which tends to leisure time and labor time. 2.2. Arrows up or down: An increase in the wage real income, and if leisure is a normal good