Explain the difference between a letter of credit (L/C) and a draft. How are they linked?
> How does a crawling peg fundamentally differ from a pegged exchange rate?
> What do the terms de facto and de jure mean in reference to the International Monetary Fund's use of the terms?
> What are the advantages and disadvantages of fixed exchange rates?
> Speaking very specifically – technically, what does a floating rate of exchange mean? What is the role of government?
> What was the foundation of the Bretton Woods international monetary system, and why did it eventually fail?
> What are the main phases that Ganado passed through as it evolved into a truly global firm? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?
> Which viewpoint gives results closer to the effect on consolidated earnings per share?
> What is the difference between an international firm and a multinational firm?
> What do firms become multinational?
> What is the role of market imperfections in the creation of opportunities for the multinational firm?
> At what point in the globalization process did Ganado become a multinational enterprise (MNE)?
> What did it mean under the gold standard to ‘defend a fixed exchange rate’, and what did this imply about a country's money supply?
> What are some of the risks that come with the growing globalization of business?
> What choices do you believe that China will make in terms of the Impossible Trinity as it continues to develop global trading and use of the Chinese yuan?
> What is the Triffin Dilemma? How does it apply to the development of the Chinese yuan as a true global currency?
> What are the major changes and developments that must occur for the Chinese yuan to be considered ‘globalized'?
> High capital mobility is forcing emerging market nations to choose between free-floating regimes and currency board or dollarization regimes. What are the main outcomes of each of these regimes from the perspective of emerging market nations?
> Which viewpoint, project or parent, gives results closer to the traditional meaning of net present value in capital budgeting?
> What are the attributes of the ideal currency?
> What are Special Drawing Rights?
> How did the Argentine currency board function from 1991 to January 2002 and why did it collapse?
> Fixed exchange rate regimes are sometimes implemented through a currency board (Hong Kong) or dollarization (Ecuador). What is the difference between the two approaches?
> Why is the formation and use of the euro considered to be of such a great accomplishment? Was it really needed? Has it been successful?
> What are the advantages and disadvantages of limiting a firm’s activities to exporting compared to producing abroad?
> The decision about where to invest abroad is influenced by behavioral factors. a. Explain the behavioral approach to FDI. b. Explain the international network theory explanation of FDI.
> Financial strategies are directly related to the OLI Paradigm. a. Explain how proactive financial strategies are related to OLI. b. Explain how reactive financial strategies are related to OLI.
> Under the gold standard, all national governments promised to follow the "rules of the game." What did this mean?
> The OLI Paradigm is an attempt to create an overall framework to explain why MNEs choose FDI rather than serve foreign markets through alternative modes.
> A strongly competitive home market can sharpen a firm’s competitive advantage relative to firms located in less competitive markets. This phenomenon is known as Porter’s “diamond of national advantage.” Explain what is meant by the “diamond of national a
> Explain briefly how economies of scale and scope can be developed in production, marketing, finance, research and development, transportation, and purchasing.
> In deciding whether to invest abroad, management must first determine whether the firm has a sustainable competitive advantage that enables it to compete effectively in the home market. What are the necessary characteristics of this competitive advantage
> MNEs strive to take advantage of market imperfections in national markets for products, factors of production, and financial assets. Large international firms are better able to exploit such imperfections. What are their main competitive advantages?
> Answer the following: a. What is the difference between expropriation and creeping expropriation? b. What is the difference between direct and indirect expropriation?
> What criteria have to be met for a government's seizure of a company's business to be considered ‘'lawful' by international law?
> Define the following types ofpolitical risk: a. Adverse regulatory change b. Breach of contract c. Expropriation
> How do the major categories of potential financial losses to multinational companies associated with political risk differ across financial form – profitability, cash flow, and asset ownership?
> How is political risk defined, and how does political risk associated with business differ from a more general political risk to all social activities? What is the difference between firm-specific risk and country-specific risk?
> After reading the chapter’s description of Ganado’s globalization process, how would you explain the distinctions between international, multinational, and global companies?
> The term “cross-border strategic alliance” conveys different meanings to different observers. What are the meanings?
> What are the advantages and disadvantages of serving a foreign market through a greenfield foreign direct investment compared to an acquisition of a local firm in the target market?
> What are the advantages and disadvantages of forming a joint venture to serve a foreign market compared to serving that market with a wholly owned production subsidiary?
> What are the advantages and disadvantages of licensing and management contracts compared to producing abroad?
> As a firm evolves from purely domestic into a true multinational enterprise, it must consider a) its competitive advantages, b) its production location, c) the type of control it wants to have over any foreign operations, and d) how much monetary cap
> List the steps involved in the export of lumber from Portland, Oregon, to Yokohama, Japan, using a confirmed letter of credit, payment to be made in 120 days.
> List the steps involved in the export of computer hard disk drives from Penang, Malaysia, to San Jose, California, using an unconfirmed letter of credit authorizing payment on sight.
> Why would an exporter insist on a confirmed letter of credit?
> Identify each party to a letter of credit (L/C) and indicate its responsibility.
> What is the major difference between currency risk and risk of non-completion? How are these risks handled in a typical international trade transaction?
> What is different about international financial management?
> What reasons can you give for the observation that intrafirm trade is now greater than trade between non-affiliated exporters and importers?
> Which assets play the most critical role in linking the major institutions that make up the global financial marketplace?
> The term globalization has become widely used in recent years. How would you define it?
> What does it mean for a country—or its government—to compete for business on the basis of taxation?
> How is cross-border digital commerce challenging the traditional ways in which multinational companies are taxed?
> What is a corporate inversion, and why do many U.S. corporations want to pursue it although it is highly criticized by public and private parties alike?
> What is a tax haven? Is it the same thing as an international offshore financial center? What is the purpose of a multinational creating and operating a financial subsidiary in a tax haven?
> What role does transfer pricing have within multinational companies when measuring management performance? How can transfer pricing practices within a firm conflict with performance measurement?
> Explain how the check-the-box regulatory change altered the effectiveness of Subpart F income regulations.
> Key to understanding most theories is what they say and what they don’t. Name four or five key limitations to the theory of comparative advantage.
> For what reason might an exporter use standard international trade documentation (letter of credit, draft, order bill of lading) on an intrafirm export to its parent or sister subsidiary?
> Define cross-crediting and explain why it may or may not be consistent with a worldwide tax regime.
> What is Section 482 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code and what guidelines does it recommend when setting transfer prices?
> What is the income tax effect, and how may a multinational firm alter transfer prices as a result of the income tax effect?
> What is fund positioning?
> What is a transfer price and can a government regulate it? What difficulties and motives does a parent multinational firm face in setting transfer prices?
> What is a controlled foreign corporation and what is its significance in global tax management?
> What is earnings stripping, and what are some examples of how multinational firms pursue it?
> What is a foreign tax credit? Why do countries give credit for taxes paid on foreign source income?
> Distinguish between the three levels of commitment for ADRs traded in the United States.
> Define and explain the theory of comparative advantage.
> Why should a foreign project be evaluated both from a project and parent viewpoint?
> Various governments have established agencies to insure against nonpayment for exports and/or to provide export credit. This shifts credit risk away from private banks and to the citizen taxpayers of the country whose government created and backs the age
> Why might different documentation be used for an export to a nonaffiliated foreign buyer who is a new customer, as compared with an export to a nonaffiliated foreign buyer to whom the exporter has been selling for many years?
> What is usually included within a tax treaty?
> What is a withholding tax and why do governments impose them?
> What is a value-added tax, and how does it differ from an income tax?
> What is meant by tax deferral in the U.S. system of taxation? What is the deferral privilege?
> What is the difference between a direct tax and an indirect tax?
> What is the difference between the worldwide and territorial approaches to taxation?
> What is tax neutrality? What is the difference between domestic neutrality and foreign neutrality?
> What is meant by the term ‘tax morality’? If for example, your company has a subsidiary in Russia where some believe tax evasion is a fine art, should you comply with Russian tax laws or violate the laws as do your local competitors?
> Why have eurocurrencies and LIBOR remained the centerpiece of the global financial marketplace for so long?
> What do the terms active and passive mean in the context of U.S. taxation of foreign source income?
> What is the primary objective of multinational tax planning?
> What is the difference between a GDR, ADR, and GRS? How are these differences significant?
> What is a depositary receipt? What are equity shares listed and issued in foreign equity markets in this form?
> What is a directed public issue? What is the purpose of this kind of an international equity issuance?
> What are the alternative structures available for raising equity capital on the global market?
> What are the three key elements related to raising equity capital in the global marketplace?
> How does borrowing in a foreign currency change the risk associated with debt?
> How does the multinational’s ability to diversify its cash flows alter its ability to use greater amounts of debt?
> How do the motivations of individuals, both inside and outside the organization or business, define the limits of financial globalization?
> What technological change is even changing the symbols we use in the representation of different country currencies?
> What are the primary alternatives for the external financing of a foreign subsidiary?
> What is the difference between "internal" financing and "external" financing for a subsidiary?
> Should foreign subsidiaries of multinational firms conform to the capital structure norms of the host country or to the norms of their parent's country?
> What are the primary methods of funding foreign subsidiaries, and how do host government concerns affect those choices?
> What is the difference between a eurobond and a foreign bond and why do two types of international bonds exist?
> If the cost of debt is less than the cost of equity, why doesn’t the firm’s cost of capital continue to decrease with the use of more and more debt?
> What are the primary alternative instruments available for raising debt on the international marketplace?
