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Question: Explain what dummy variables are and how


Explain what dummy variables are and how they are used in regression analysis.


> How does the presence of one production constraint affect the relevant cost analysis model? Two or more production constraints?

> A company purchases an asset that costs $10,000. This asset qualifies as 3-year property under MACRS. The company uses an after-tax discount rate of 12% and faces a 40% income tax rate. (a) Use the appropriate present value factors found in Appendix C,

> List some of the behavioral, implementation, and legal problems to be anticipated in the use of relevant cost analysis.

> How do strategic factors affect the proper use of relevant cost analysis?

> List for or five important limitations of relevant cost analysis.

> How do short-term evaluations affect a manager's incentives and performance?

> List four to six strategic factors that are often important in the make-or-buy decision.

> What is the relevant cost when determining whether to sell a product before or after additional processing?

> List at least four different decisions for which the relevant cost model can be used effectively.

> What is the relationship, if any, between the relevant cost analysis method and cost-volume-profit analysis (Chapter 09)?

> What are relevant costs? Provide several examples for the decision to replace a piece of equipment.

> Define the term “budgetary slack.” Why is it common to find slack in budgets?

> Refer to Exhibit 12.4 in the text. What is the depreciation expense deduction in each of 4 years for a $10,000 asset classified under MACRS as 3-year property? Exhibit 12.4:

> What is zero-base budgeting (ZBB)?

> List the major components of a cash budget.

> In addition to the sales budget, what additional information does a firm need to complete its materials purchases budget?

> Why is the sales budget considered the cornerstone of the organization’s master budget?

> Some critics of budgeting believe that budgets are effective tools for planning but not for control purposes. What is the essence of this argument?

> Many accountants believe that the most important benefit of the master budgeting process is the end result: a set of budgeted (i.e., pro-forma) financial statements. What is the rationale for this view?

> Differentiate master, operating, and financial budgets.

> Define the terms “relative performance contract” and “rolling financial forecasts.” What role for these is envisioned by critics of the traditional budgeting process?

> Define what is meant by the terms what-if analysis and scenario analysis.

> What is the essence of a fixed-performance contract and what dysfunctional consequences can occur through the use of this type of incentive system?

> Calculate the net after-tax cash flow effect of the following information: sales, $260; expenses other than depreciation, $140; depreciation expense, $50; marginal income tax rate, 35%. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.

> How does the use of a time-driven activity-based cost (TDABC) system facilitate the preparation of budgets for an organization?

> Describe at least three benefits that an organization can expect to realize from budgeting.

> Define “degree of operating leverage” (DOL). How is DOL measured?

> What is operating leverage, and for what is it used?

> What is the margin of safety (MOS), and for what is it used?

> Why does the issue of taxes not affect the calculation of the breakeven point?

> What type of risk does sensitivity analysis address?

> Why do management accountants use sensitivity analysis?

> What are the basic assumptions of CVP analysis?

> What is the contribution margin ratio and how is it used?

> Use the appropriate function in Excel (= SLN) to calculate the annual straight-line (SL) depreciation charge for an asset that has a $10,000 acquisition cost, an estimated salvage value of $500, and a useful life of 4 years.

> How is CVP analysis used to calculate the breakeven point for multiple products?

> What is the underlying relationship depicted in a CVP analysis?

> What are nonlinear cost relationships? Give two examples.

> Explain how to choose the dependent and independent variables in regression analysis used for cost estimation.

> How can cost estimation be used in activity-based costing?

> Contrast the use of regression analysis and the high-low method to estimate costs.

> What are the six steps in cost estimation? Which one is the most important? Why?

> Explain the implementation problems in cost estimation.

> List the two methods of cost estimation. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of each.

> Explain the strategic role of cost estimation.

> For a firm facing a marginal income tax rate of 34%, what is the after-tax cash flow effect of (a) a $1,000 increase in contribution margin during the year and (b) a $500 increase in cash operating expenses?

> Carter Dry Cleaning has developed two regression analyses for cost estimation. The accounting manager has presented statistical measures for both of these regressions. Regression A has an R-squared value of .53 and a t-value of 1.08. Regression B has an

> What does the coefficient of determination (R-squared) measure?

> How do we know when high correlation exists? Is high correlation the same as cause and effect?

> List four advantages of regression analysis.

> Define cost estimation and explain its purpose in each of the management functions.

> What are the implementation issues of departmental cost allocation?

> What are the limitations of joint product and departmental cost allocations?

> What are the four methods used in by-product costing, and how do they differ? Which is the preferred method and why?

> Give two or three examples of the use of cost allocation in service industries and not-for-profit organizations.

> Jamison Health Care is trying to decide if it should eliminate its orthopedic care division. Last year, the orthopedic division had a total contribution margin of $100,000 and allocated overhead costs of $200,000, of which $90,000 could be eliminated if

> What are the three phases of the departmental allocation approach? What happens at each phase?

> What are the three methods of departmental cost allocation? Explain how they differ, which is the most preferred, and why.

> What does the term reciprocal mean in the context of departmental cost allocation?

> Explain the difference between joint products and by-products.

> What are some of the ethical issues of cost allocation?

> What are the four objectives in the strategic role of cost allocation? Explain each briefly.

> Specify the advantages of the weighted-average method of process costing in contrast to the FIFO method.

> Identify the conditions under which the weighted-average method of process costing is inappropriate.

> What is the distinction between equivalent units under the FIFO method and equivalent units under the weighted-average method?

> What is a production cost report? What are the five key steps in preparing a production cost report?

> The external purchase price is $35 for a part that can be manufactured for $33 per unit; the $33 manufacturing cost includes $5 per unit allocated fixed cost. What is the per-unit savings to make rather than to buy?

> How is the equivalent unit calculation affected when direct materials are added at the beginning of the process rather than uniformly throughout the process?

> What does the term equivalent units mean?

> Explain the primary differences between job costing and process costing.

> List three types of industries that would likely use process costing.

> Explain activity-based process costing.

> How do cost flows in backflush costing systems differ from those in traditional costing systems?

> What is the main difference between journal entries in process costing and in job costing?

> Under the FIFO method, only current period costs and work are included in equivilent unit costs and equivalent units computation. Under the weighted-average method, what assumptions are made when unit costs and equivalent units are computed?

> Under the weighted-average method, all units transferred out are treated the same way. How does this differ from the FIFO method of handling units transferred out?

> Suppose that manufacturing is performed in sequential production departments. Prepare a journal entry to show a transfer of partially completed units from the first department to the second department. Assume the amount of the costs transferred is $50,00

> Wings Diner has a box lunch that it sells on football game days at the local university. Each box lunch sells for $6.00, which is made up of $2.50 of variable costs and packaging, and $2.50 of fixed cost, plus a $1 markup. In the short run, what is the m

> What are transferred-in costs?

> From the standpoint of cost control, why is the FIFO method superior to the weighted-average method? Is it possible to monitor cost trends using the weighted-average method

> What are the typical characteristics of a company that should use a process costing system?

> What are batch-level activities? Give two examples of batch-level activities.

> What are unit-level activities? Give two examples of unit-level activities.

> What type of company can benefit from an activity-based costing system?

> Briefly describe the first- and second-stage procedures in assigning costs to products when using an activity-based costing system.

> Identify the general levels of cost hierarchy in activity-based costing systems.

> What is activity-based costing, and how can it improve an organization’s costing system?

> Explain why a costing system that uses a volume-based rate is likely to produce distorted product costs.

> Adams Furniture receives a special order for 10 sofas for a special price of $3,000. The direct materials and direct labor for each sofa amount to $100. In addition, supervision and other fixed overhead costs average $150 per sofa. Should Adams accept th

> Brief Exercises 7-11 through 7-14 involve departmental cost allocation with two service departments and two production departments. Use the following information for these four exercises: What is the total cost in P1 and P2 and what is the amount of se

> Firms sell products with high costs at high prices. High selling prices increase revenues and profits. Why then should managers worry about product overcosting?

> Identify opportunities afforded by performing a customer profitability analysis.

> How can activity-based costing and management be used in service organizations?

> What is activity-based management?

> Why do product costing systems using a single, volume-based cost driver tend to over-cost high-volume products? Will there be any undesirable strategic effects from such product cost distortion?

> What are facility-level activities? Give two examples of facility-level activities.

> What are product-level activities? Give two examples of product-level activities.

> “Undercosting a product increases the profit from the product and benefits the firm.” Do you agree? Why?

> What does the following statement mean? “Accounting for overhead involves an important cost-benefit issue.” Why is that issue important?

> What is the role of materials requisitions in a job costing system? Time tickets? Bills of materials?

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