Give three examples of opportunity costs that typically are not recorded in accounting systems, although they are relevant when using the EOQ model in the presence of demand uncertainty.
> The Lopez Company uses standard costing in its manufacturing plant for auto parts. The standard cost of a particular auto part, based on a denominator level of 4,000 output units per year, included 6 machine-hours of variable manufacturing overhead at $8
> Atkinson Construction assembles residential houses. It uses a job-costing system with two direct-cost categories (direct materials and direct labor) and one indirect-cost pool (assembly support). Direct labor-hours is the allocation base for assembly sup
> ProChem, Inc., produces chemicals for large biotech companies. It has the following data for manufacturing overhead costs during August 2017: Fill in the blanks. Use F for favorable and U for unfavorable: Variable Fixed (1) Spending variance (2) Ef
> The Rotations Corporation is a manufacturer of centrifuges. Fixed and variable manufacturing overheads are allocated to each centrifuge using budgeted assembly-hours. Budgeted assembly time is 2 hours per unit. The following table shows the budgeted amou
> The Sourdough Bread Company also allocates fixed manufacturing overhead to products on the basis of standard direct manufacturing labor-hours. For 2017, fixed manufacturing overhead was budgeted at $3.00 per direct manufacturing labor-hour. Actual fixed
> The Sourdough Bread Company bakes baguettes for distribution to upscale grocery stores. The company has two direct-cost categories: direct materials and direct manufacturing labor. Variable manufacturing overhead is allocated to products on the basis of
> Esquire Clothing allocates fixed manufacturing overhead to each suit using budgeted direct manufacturing labor-hours per suit. Data pertaining to fixed manufacturing overhead costs for June 2017 are budgeted, $62,400, and actual, $63,916. Required: 1.
> Esquire Clothing is a manufacturer of designer suits. The cost of each suit is the sum of three variable costs (direct material costs, direct manufacturing labor costs, and manufacturing overhead costs) and one fixed-cost category (manufacturing overhead
> Why is it important to distinguish between the performance of a manager and the performance of the organization subunit for which the manager is responsible? Give an example.
> What special problems arise when evaluating performance in multinational companies?
> Distinguish between measuring assets based on current cost and historical cost.
> “RI is not identical to ROI, although both measures incorporate income and investment into their computations.” Do you agree? Explain.
> Dakota Products uses a job-costing system with two direct-cost categories (direct materials and direct manufacturing labor) and one manufacturing overhead cost pool. Dakota allocates manufacturing overhead costs using direct manufacturing labor costs. Da
> What are the three steps in designing accounting-based performance measures?
> Describe the four levers of control.
> Describe two disclosures required by the SEC with respect to executive compensation.
> Explain the incentive problems that can arise when employees must perform multiple tasks as part of their jobs.
> Explain the role of benchmarking in evaluating managers.
> “Managers should be rewarded only on the basis of their performance measures. They should be paid no salary.” Do you agree? Explain.
> Give examples of financial and nonfinancial performance measures that can be found in each of the four perspectives of the balanced scorecard.
> “Transfer pricing is confined to profit centers.” Do you agree? Explain.
> Name three benefits and two costs of decentralization.
> How should managers consider income tax issues when choosing a transfer-pricing method?
> In each of the following situations, determine whether job costing or process costing would be more appropriate. a. A CPA firm b. An oil refinery c. A custom furniture manufacturer d. A tire manufacturer e. A textbook publisher f. A home builder g.
> “Under the general guideline for transfer pricing, the minimum transfer price will vary depending on whether the supplying division has unused capacity or not.” Do you agree? Explain.
> “Cost and price information play no role in negotiated transfer prices.” Do you agree? Explain.
> Give two reasons why the dual-pricing system of transfer pricing is not widely used.
> What is one potential limitation of full-cost-based transfer prices?
> Under what conditions is a market-based transfer price optimal?
> “Let’s be more practical. DCF is not the gospel. Managers should not become so enchanted with DCF that strategic considerations are overlooked.” Do you agree? Explain.
> “The trouble with discounted cash flow methods is that they ignore depreciation.” Do you agree? Explain.
> Describe the accrual accounting rate-of-return method. What are its main strengths and weaknesses?
> What is the payback method? What are its main strengths and weaknesses?
> “Only quantitative outcomes are relevant in capital budgeting analyses.” Do you agree? Explain.
> The Walliston Group (WG) provides tax advice to multinational firms. WG charges clients for (a) direct professional time (at an hourly rate) and (b) support services (at 30% of the direct professional costs billed). The three professionals in WG and th
> “Relevant costs for pricing decisions are full costs of the product.” Do you agree? Explain.
> What is the essence of the discounted cash flow methods?
> List and briefly describe each of the five stages in capital budgeting.
> Distinguish the nominal rate of return from the real rate of return.
> How can capital budgeting tools assist in evaluating a manager who is responsible for retaining customers of a cellular telephone company?
> Describe three ways income taxes can affect the cash inflows or outflows in a motor-vehicle-replacement decision by a taxpaying company.
> Distinguish different categories of cash flows to be considered in an equipment-replacement decision by a taxpaying company.
> Bill Watts, president of Western Publications, accepts a capital budgeting project proposed by division X. This is the division in which the president spent his first 10 years with the company. On the same day, the president rejects a capital budgeting p
> “All overhead costs are relevant in NPV analysis.” Do you agree? Explain.
> What are three factors causing reductions in the cost to place purchase orders for materials?
> “JIT purchasing has many benefits but also some risks.” Do you agree? Explain briefly.
> Vineyard Test Laboratories does heat testing (HT) and stress testing (ST) on materials and operates at capacity. Under its current simple costing system, Vineyard aggregates all operating costs of $1,190,000 into a single overhead cost pool. Vineyard cal
> Why might goal-congruence issues arise when managers use an EOQ model to guide decisions on how much to order?
> What are the steps in computing the cost of a prediction error when using the EOQ decision model?
> What assumptions are made when using the simplest version of the economic-order-quantity (EOQ) decision model?
> Discuss the differences between lean accounting and traditional cost accounting.
> Describe three different versions of backflush costing.
> Distinguish inventory-costing systems using sequential tracking from those using backflush costing.
> What are the main features of JIT production, and what are its benefits and costs?
> What is supply-chain analysis, and how can it benefit manufacturers and retailers?
> “You should always choose the supplier who offers the lowest price per unit.” Do you agree? Explain.
> Roberta, Inc., manufactures elliptical machines for several well-known companies. The machines differ significantly in their complexity and their manufacturing batch sizes. The following costs were incurred in 2017: a. Indirect manufacturing labor costs
> Why do better decisions regarding the purchasing and managing of goods for sale frequently cause dramatic percentage increases in net income?
> Give two examples of nonfinancial measures of internal-business-process quality.
> Give two examples of nonfinancial measures of customer satisfaction relating to quality.
> “Companies should focus on financial measures of quality because these are the only measures of quality that can be linked to bottom-line performance.” Do you agree? Explain.
> Describe three methods that companies use to identify quality problems.
> Distinguish between internal failure costs and external failure costs.
> “When evaluating a company’s performance on the time dimension, managers should only consider financial measures.” Do you agree? Explain.
> “Companies should always make and sell all products whose selling prices exceed variable costs.” Assuming fixed costs are irrelevant, do you agree? Explain.
> Give two reasons why delays occur.
> “There is no tradeoff between customer-response time and on-time performance.” Do you agree? Explain.
> What are three important pitfalls to avoid when implementing a balanced scorecard?
> Distinguish between customer-response time and manufacturing cycle time.
> “When evaluating alternative ways to improve quality, managers need to consider the fully allocated costs of quality.” Do you agree? Explain.
> “Total input includes abnormal as well as normal spoilage and is, therefore, inappropriate as a basis for computing normal spoilage.” Do you agree? Explain.
> Distinguish among spoilage, rework, and scrap.
> How do managers use information about scrap?
> “Abnormal rework costs should be charged to a loss account, not to manufacturing overhead.” Do you agree? Explain.
> “In job costing, the costs of normal spoilage that occur while a specific job is being done are charged to the specific job.” Do you agree? Explain.
> Describe the distinctive characteristic of FIFO computations in assigning costs to units completed and to units in ending work in process.
> Name the five steps in process costing when equivalent units are computed.
> What problems might arise in estimating the degree of completion of semiconductor chips in a semiconductor plant?
> What are the five types of conditions to consider when evaluating a strategy map?
> Explain equivalent units. Why are equivalent-unit calculations necessary in process costing?
> In process costing, why are costs often divided into two main classifications?
> “There’s no reason for me to get excited about the choice between the weighted-average and FIFO methods in my process-costing system. I have long-term contracts with my materials suppliers at fixed prices.” Do you agree with this statement made by a plan
> Why should the accountant distinguish between transferred-in costs and additional direct materials costs for each subsequent department in a process-costing system?
> “The standard-costing method is particularly applicable to process-costing situations.” Do you agree? Why?
> Give two limitations of the physical-measure method of joint-cost allocation.
> Distinguish between the sales value at splitoff method and the NRV method.
> Describe a situation in which the sales value at splitoff method cannot be used but the NRV method can be used for joint-cost allocation.
> Provide three reasons for allocating joint costs to individual products or services.
> Why might the number of products in a joint-cost situation differ from the number of outputs? Give an example.
> “We are already measuring total factor productivity. Measuring partial productivities would be of no value.” Do you agree? Comment briefly.
> Distinguish between a joint product and a byproduct.
> Why might managers seeking a monthly bonus based on attaining a target operating income prefer the sales method of accounting for byproducts rather than the production method?
> “Managers should consider only additional revenues and separable costs when making decisions about selling at splitoff or processing further.” Do you agree? Explain.
> “Managers must decide whether a product should be sold at splitoff or processed further. The sales value at splitoff method of joint-cost allocation is the best method for generating the information managers need for this decision.” Do you agree? Explain
> Why is the constant gross-margin percentage NRV method sometimes called a “joint-cost-allocation and a profit-allocation” method?
> Distinguish among the three methods of allocating the costs of support departments to operating departments.
> Why might a manager prefer that budgeted rather than actual cost-allocation rates be used for costs being allocated to his or her department from another department?
> Identify and discuss arguments that individual product managers may put forward to support their preferred revenue-allocation method.
> Distinguish between the stand-alone and the incremental revenue-allocation methods.
> Why might an analyst incorporate the industry-market-size factor and the interrelationships among the growth, price-recovery, and productivity components into a strategic analysis of operating income?
