Question: In a student experiment, a constant-volume

> In a period of 1.0 s, 5.0 x 1023 nitrogen molecules strike a wall of area 8.0 cm2. If the molecules move at 3.00 x 102 m/s and strike the wall head-on in a perfectly elastic collision, find the pressure exerted on the wall. (The mass of one N2 molecule i

> Superman leaps in front of Lois Lane to save her from a volley of bullets. In a 1-minute interval, an automatic weapon fires 150 bullets, each of mass 8.0 g, at 4.00 x 102 m/s. The bullets strike his mighty chest, which has an area of 0.75 m2. Find the a

> A 7.00-L vessel contains 3.50 moles of ideal gas at a pressure of 1.60 x 106 Pa. Find (a) The temperature of the gas and (b) The average kinetic energy of a gas molecule in the vessel. (c) What additional information would you need if you were asked to f

> At what temperature would the rms speed of helium atoms equal (a) The escape speed from Earth, 1.12 x 104 m/s and (b) The escape speed from the Moon, 2.37 x 103 m/s? Note: The mass of a helium atom is 6.64 x 10-27 kg.

> Two gases in a mixture pass through a filter at rates proportional to the gases’ rms speeds. (a) Find the ratio of speeds for the two isotopes of chlorine, 35Cl and 37Cl, as they pass through the air. (b) Which isotope moves faster?

> Use Avogadro’s number to find the mass of a helium atom.

> A sealed cubical container 20.0 cm on a side contains a gas with three times Avogadro’s number of neon atoms at a temperature of 20.0°C. (a) Find the internal energy of the gas. (b) Find the total translational kinetic energy of the gas. (c) Calculate th

> Three moles of an argon gas are at a temperature of 275 K. Calculate (a) The kinetic energy per molecule, (b) The rootmean- square (rms) speed of an atom in the gas, and (c) The internal energy of the gas.

> Calculate the root-mean-square (rms) speed of methane (CH4) gas molecules at a temperature of 325 K.

> A 50.-kg ice cube at 0°C is heated until 45 g has become water at 100.°C and 5.0 g has become steam at 100.°C. How much energy was added to accomplish the transformation?

> Why is it important to avoid sharp edges or points on conductors used in high-voltage equipment?

> What is the average kinetic energy of a molecule of oxygen at a temperature of 300. K?

> During inhalation, a person’s diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, expanding the chest cavity and lowering the internal air pressure below ambient so that air flows in through the mouth and nose to the lungs. Suppose a person’s lungs hold 1250 mL

> An air bubble has a volume of 1.50 cm3 when it is released by a submarine 1.00 x 102 m below the surface of a lake. What is the volume of the bubble when it reaches the surface? Assume the temperature and the number of air molecules in the bubble remain

> The density of helium gas at 0°C is p0 = 0.179 kg/m3. The temperature is then raised to T = 100°C, but the pressure is kept constant. Assuming the helium is an ideal gas, calculate the new density pf of the gas.

> A weather balloon is designed to expand to a maximum radius of 20 m at its working altitude, where the air pressure is 0.030 atm and the temperature is 200 K. If the balloon is filled at atmospheric pressure and 300 K, what is its radius at liftoff?

> Gas is contained in an 8.00-L vessel at a temperature of 20.0°C and a pressure of 9.00 atm. (a) Determine the number of moles of gas in the vessel. (b) How many molecules are in the vessel?

> Gas is confined in a tank at a pressure of 11.0 atm and a temperature of 25.0°C. If two-thirds of the gas is withdrawn and the temperature is raised to 75.0°C, what is the new pressure of the gas remaining in the tank?

> An automobile tire is inflated with air originally at 10.0°C and normal atmospheric pressure. During the process, the air is compressed to 28.0% of its original volume and the temperature is increased to 40.0°C. (a) What is the tire pressure in pascals?

> (a) An ideal gas occupies a volume of 1.0 cm3 at 20.°C and atmospheric pressure. Determine the number of molecules of gas in the container. (b) If the pressure of the 1.0-cm3 volume is reduced to 1.0 x 10-11 Pa (an extremely good vacuum) while the temper

> A container holds 0.500 m3 of oxygen at an absolute pressure of 4.00 atm. A valve is opened, allowing the gas to drive a piston, increasing the volume of the gas until the pressure drops to 1.00 atm. If the temperature remains constant, what new volume d

> A 75-kg sprinter accelerates from rest to a speed of 11.0 m/s in 5.0 s. (a) Calculate the mechanical work done by the sprinter during this time. (b) Calculate the average power the sprinter must generate. (c) If the sprinter converts food energy to mecha

> One mole of oxygen gas is at a pressure of 6.00 atm and a temperature of 27.0°C. (a) If the gas is heated at constant volume until the pressure triples, what is the final temperature? (b) If the gas is heated so that both the pressure and volume are doub

> Formaldehyde has the chemical formula CH2O. Calculate the number of (a) Moles, and (b) CH2O molecules in 275 g of formaldehyde.

> A sample of pure copper has a mass of 12.5 g. Calculate the number of (a) Moles in the sample and (b) Copper atoms in the sample.

> The concrete sections of a certain superhighway are designed to have a length of 25.0 m. The sections are poured and cured at 10.0°C. What minimum spacing should the engineer leave between the sections to eliminate buckling if the concrete is to reach a

> Figure P10.27 shows a circular steel casting with a gap. If the casting is heated, (a) Does the width of the gap increase or decrease? (b) The gap width is 1.600 cm when the temperature is 30.0°C. Determine the gap width when the temperature i

> The density of gasoline is 7.30 x 102 kg/m3 at 0°C. Its average coefficient of volume expansion is 9.60 x 10-4(°C)-1, and note that 1.00 gal = 0.00380 m3. (a) Calculate the mass of 10.0 gal of gas at 0°C. (b) If 1.000 m3 of gasoline at 0°C is warmed by 2

> The average coefficient of volume expansion for carbon tetrachloride is 5.81 x 10-4 (°C)-1. If a 50.0-gal steel container is filled completely with carbon tetrachloride when the temperature is 10.0°C, how much will spill over when the temperature rises t

> The Trans-Alaskan pipeline is 1300 km long, reaching from Prudhoe Bay to the port of Valdez, and is subject to temperatures ranging from -73°C to +35°C. (a) How much does the steel pipeline expand due to the difference in temperature? (b) How can one com

> The band in Figure P10.23 is stainless steel (coefficient of linear expansion = 17.3 x 10-6 (°C)-1; Young’s modulus = 18 x 1010 N/m2). It is essentially circular with an initial mean radius of 5.0 mm, a height of 4.0 mm, and

> A construction worker uses a steel tape to measure the length of an aluminum support column. If the measured length is 18.700 m when the temperature is 21.2°C, what is the measured length when the temperature rises to 29.4°C? Note : Don’t neglect the exp

> A 75-g ice cube at 0°C is placed in 825 g of water at 25°C. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

> A hollow aluminum cylinder 20.0 cm deep has an internal capacity of 2.000 L at 20.0°C. It is completely filled with turpentine at 20.0°C. The turpentine and the aluminum cylinder are then slowly warmed together to 80.0°C. (a) How much turpentine overflow

> Show that the coefficient of volume expansion, β, is related to the coefficient of linear expansion, α, through the expression β = 3α.

> An underground gasoline tank can hold 1.00 x 103 gallons of gasoline at 52.0°F. If the tank is being filled on a day when the outdoor temperature (and the gasoline in a tanker truck) is 95.0°F, how many gallons from the truck can be poured into the tank?

> The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco has a main span of length 1.28 km, one of the longest in the world. Imagine that a steel wire with this length and a cross-sectional area of 4.00 x 10-6 m2 is laid on the bridge deck with its ends attached to the t

> The density of lead is 1.13 x 104 kg/m3 at 20.0°C. Find its density at 105°C.

> A wire is 25.0 m long at 2.00°C and is 1.19 cm longer at 30.0°C. Find the wire’s coefficient of linear expansion.

> A brass ring of diameter 10.00 cm at 20.0°C is heated and slipped over an aluminum rod of diameter 10.01 cm at 20.0°C. Assuming the average coefficients of linear expansion are constant, (a) To what temperature must the combination be cooled to separate

> A spherical steel ball bearing has a diameter of 2.540 cm at 25.00°C. (a) What is its diameter when its temperature is raised to 100.0°C? (b) What temperature change is required to increase its volume by 1.000%?

> A pair of eyeglass frames are made of epoxy plastic (coefficient of linear expansion = 1.30 x 10-4 (°C)-1). At room temperature (20.0°C), the frames have circular lens holes 2.20 cm in radius. To what temperature must the frames be heated if lenses 2.21

> A grandfather clock is controlled by a swinging brass pendulum that is 1.3 m long at a temperature of 20.0°C. (a) What is the length of the pendulum rod when the temperature drops to 0.0°C? (b) If a pendulum’s period is given by T = 2π√L/g, where L is it

> How much thermal energy is required to boil 2.00 kg of water at 100.0°C into steam at 125°C? The latent heat of vaporization of water is 2.26 x 106 J/kg and the specific heat of steam is 2010 J/(kg ∙ °C).

> The New River Gorge bridge in West Virginia is a 518-m-long steel arch. How much will its length change between temperature extremes of -20.0°C and 35.0°C?

> Temperature differences on the Rankine scale are identical to differences on the Fahrenheit scale, but absolute zero is given as 0°R. (a) Find a relationship converting the temperatures TF of the Fahrenheit scale to the corresponding temperatures TR of t

> A nurse measures the temperature of a patient to be 41.5°C. (a) What is this temperature on the Fahrenheit scale? (b) Do you think the patient is seriously ill? Explain.

> The temperature difference between the inside and the outside of a home on a cold winter day is 57.0°F. Express this difference on (a) The Celsius scale and (b) The Kelvin scale.

> A person’s body temperature is 101.6°F, indicating a fever of 3.0°F above the normal average body temperature of 98.6°F. How many degrees above normal is this body temperature on the Celsius scale?

> On January 22, 1943, in Spearfish, South Dakota, the temperature rose from -4.00°F to 45.0°F over the course of two minutes (the current world record for the fastest recorded temperature change). By how much did the temperature change on the Kelvin scale

> Death Valley holds the record for the highest recorded temperature in the United States. On July 10, 1913, at a place called Furnace Creek Ranch, the temperature rose to 134°F. The lowest U.S. temperature ever recorded occurred at Prospect Creek Camp in

> Two resistors connected in series have an equivalent resistance of 690 Ω. When they are connected in parallel, their equivalent resistance is 150 Ω. Find the resistance of each resistor.

> Consider the combination of resistors shown in Figure P18.8. a) Find the equivalent resistance between point a and b. (b) If a voltage of 35.0 V is applied between points a and b, find the current in each resistor. Figure P18.8:

> Suppose 9.30 x 105 J of energy are transferred to 2.00 kg of ice at 0°C. (a) Calculate the energy required to melt all the ice into liquid water. (b) How much energy remains to raise the temperature of the liquid water? (c) Determine the final temperatur

> (a) Find the equivalent resistance between points a and b in Figure P18.7. (b) Calculate the current in each resistor if a potential difference of 34.0 V is applied between points a and b. Figure P18.7:

> Three 9.0 - Ω resistors are connected in series with a 12 - V battery. Find (a) The equivalent resistance of the circuit and (b) The current in each resistor. (c) Repeat for the case in which all three resistors are connected in parallel across the batte

> Two resistors, R1 and R2, are connected in series. (a) If R1 = 2.00 Ω and R2 = 4.00 Ω, calculate the single resistance equivalent to the series combination. (b) Repeat the calculation for a parallel combination of R1 and R2.

> A battery with a 0.100 - Ω internal resistance supplies 15.0 W of total power with a 9.00 V terminal voltage. Determine (a) The current I and (b) The power delivered to the load resistor.

> A battery with an emf of 12.0 V has a terminal voltage of 11.5 V when the current is 3.00 A. (a) Calculate the battery’s internal resistance r. (b) Find the load resistance R.

> (a) Find the current in an 8.00 - Ω resistor connected to a battery that has an internal resistance of 0.15 V if the voltage across the battery (the terminal voltage) is 9.00 V. (b) What is the emf of the battery?

> A battery with ε = 6.00 V and no internal resistance supplies current to the circuit shown in Figure P18.14. When the double - throw switch S is open as shown in the figure, the current in the battery is 1.00 mA. When the switch is closed in

> The resistance between terminals a and b in Figure P18.13 is 75 Ω. If the resistors labeled R have the same value, determine R. Figure P18.13:

> Four resistors are connected to a battery as shown in Figure P18.12. (a) Determine the potential difference across each resistor in terms of Ñ”. (b) Determine the current in each resistor in terms of I. Figure P18.12:

> Consider the circuit shown in Figure P18.11. Find (a) The potential difference between points a and b and (b) The current in the 20.0 - Ω resistor. Figure P18.11:

> An unknown substance has a mass of 0.125 kg and an initial temperature of 95.0 °C. The substance is then dropped into a calorimeter made of aluminum containing 0.285 kg of water initially at 25.0 °C. The mass of the aluminum container is 0.150 kg, and th

> Consider the circuit shown in Figure P18.10. (a) Calculate the equivalent resistance of the 10.0 - Ω and 5.00 - Ω resistors connected in parallel. (b) Using the result of part (a), calculate the combined resistance of the 10.0 - &

> A battery having an emf of 9.00 V delivers 117 mA when connected to a 72.0 - Ω load. Determine the internal resistance of the battery.

> An iron wire has a cross - sectional area of 5.00 x 10-6 m2. Carry out steps (a) through (e) to compute the drift speed of the conduction electrons in the wire. (a) How many kilograms are there in 1 mole of iron? (b) Starting with the density of iron and

> An aluminum wire having a cross - sectional area of 4.00 x 10-6 m2 carries a current of 5.00 A. The density of aluminum is 2.70 g/cm3. Assume each aluminum atom supplies one conduction electron per atom. Find the drift speed of the electrons in the wire.

> A 2.0 x 102 - km - long high - voltage transmission line 2.0 cm in diameter carries a steady current of 1.0 x 103 A. If the conductor is copper with a free charge density of 8.5 x 1028 electrons/m3, how many years does it take one electron to travel the

> A man wishes to vacuum his car with a canister vacuum cleaner marked 535 W at 120. V. The car is parked far from the building, so he uses an extension cord 15.0 m long to plug the cleaner into a 120. - V source. Assume the cleaner has constant resistance

> An x - ray tube used for cancer therapy operates at 4.0 MV, with a beam current of 25 mA striking the metal target. Nearly all the power in the beam is transferred to a stream of water flowing through holes drilled in the target. What rate of flow, in ki

> When a straight wire is heated, its resistance changes according to the equation R = R0[1 + α(T - T0)] (Eq. 17.7), where α is the temperature coefficient of resistivity. (a) Show that a more precise result, which includes the

> A resistor is constructed by forming a material of resistivity 3.5 x 105 Ω · m into the shape of a hollow cylinder of length 4.0 cm and inner and outer radii 0.50 cm and 1.2 cm, respectively. In use, a potential difference is applied between the ends of

> In a certain stereo system, each speaker has a resistance of 4.00 Ω. The system is rated at 60.0 W in each channel. Each speaker circuit includes a fuse rated at a maximum current of 4.00 A. Is this system adequately protected against overload?

> A Styrofoam cup holds 0.275 kg of water at 25.0°C. Find the final equilibrium temperature after a 0.100-kg block of copper at 90.0°C is placed in the water. Neglect any thermal energy transfer with the Styrofoam cup.

> A length of metal wire has a radius of 5.00 x 10-3 m and a resistance of 0.100 Ω. When the potential difference across the wire is 15.0 V, the electron drift speed is found to be 3.17 x 10-4 m/s. On the basis of these data, calculate the density of free

> A Nichrome heating element in an oven has a resistance of 8.0 Ω at 20.0°C. (a) What is its resistance at 350°C? (b) What assumption did you have to make to obtain your answer to part (a)?

> A 120. - V motor has mechanical power output of 2.50 hp. It is 90.0% efficient in converting power that it takes in by electrical transmission into mechanical power. (a) Find the current in the motor. (b) Find the energy delivered to the motor by electri

> The current in a conductor varies in time as shown in Figure P17.60. (a) How many coulombs of charge pass through a cross section of the conductor in the interval from t = 0 to t = 5.0 s? (b) What constant current would transport the same total charge du

> If 3.25 x 10-3 kg of gold is deposited on the negative electrode of an electrolytic cell in a period of 2.78 h, what is the current in the cell during that period? Assume the gold ions carry one elementary unit of positive charge.

> You are cooking breakfast for yourself and a friend using a 1.20 - kW waffle iron and a 0.500 - kW coffeepot. Usually, you operate these appliances from a 110. - V outlet for 0.500 h each day. (a) At 12.0 cents per kWh, how much do you spend to cook brea

> A 50.0 - g sample of a conducting material is all that is available. The resistivity of the material is measured to be 11 x 10-8 Ω · m, and the density is 7.86 g/cm3. The material is to be shaped into a solid cylindrical wire that has a total resistance

> An experiment is conducted to measure the electrical resistivity of Nichrome in the form of wires with different lengths and cross - sectional areas. For one set of measurements, a student uses 30.0 - gauge wire, which has a cross - sectional area of 7.3

> Birds resting on high - voltage power lines are a common sight. The copper wire on which a bird stands is 2.2 cm in diameter and carries a current of 50. A. If the bird’s feet are 4.0 cm apart, calculate the potential difference between its feet.

> A particular wire has a resistivity of 3.0 x 10-8 Ω · m and a cross - sectional area of 4.0 x 10-6 m2. A length of this wire is to be used as a resistor that will develop 48 W of power when connected across a 20. - V battery. What length of wire is requi

> When a driver brakes an automobile, the friction between the brake drums and the brake shoes converts the car’s kinetic energy to thermal energy. If a 1500-kg automobile traveling at 30 m/s comes to a halt, how much does the temperature rise in each of t

> A given copper wire has a resistance of 5.00 Ω at 20.0°C while a tungsten wire of the same diameter has a resistance of 4.75 Ω at 20.0°C. At what temperature will the two wires have the same resistance?

> Consider an aluminum wire of diameter 0.600 mm and length 15.0 m. The resistivity of aluminum at 20.0°C is 2.82 x 1028 Ω · m. (a) Find the resistance of this wire at 20.0°C. (b) If a 9.00 - V battery is connected across the ends of the wire, find the cur

> A car owner forgets to turn off the headlights of his car while it is parked in his garage. If the 12.0 - V battery in his car is rated at 90.0 A · h and each headlight requires 36.0 W of power, how long will it take the battery to completely discharge?

> If a battery is rated at 60.0 A · h, how much total charge can it deliver before it goes “dead”?

> A tungsten wire in a vacuum has length 15.0 cm and radius 1.00 mm. A potential difference is applied across it. (a) What is the resistance of the wire at 293 K? (b) Suppose the wire reaches an equilibrium temperature such that it emits 75.0 W in the form

> A certain laboratory experiment requires an aluminum wire of length of 32.0 m and a resistance of 2.50 Ω at 20.0°C. What diameter wire must be used?

> Two wires A and B made of the same material and having the same lengths are connected across the same voltage source. If the power supplied to wire A is three times the power supplied to wire B, what is the ratio of their diameters?

> An office worker uses an immersion heater to warm 250 g of water in a light, covered, insulated cup from 20.°C to 100.°C in 4.00 minutes. The heater is a Nichrome resistance wire connected to a 120 - V power supply. Assume the wire is at 100.°C throughou

> An electric utility company supplies a customer’s house from the main power lines (120. V) with two copper wires, each of which is 50.0 m long and has a resistance of 0.108 Ω per 300. m. (a) Find the potential difference at the customer’s house for a loa

> The cost of electricity varies widely throughout the United States; $0.120/kWh is a typical value. At this unit price, calculate the cost of (a) Leaving a 40.0 - W porch light on for 2 weeks while you are on vacation, (b) Making a piece of dark toast in

> A student drops two metallic objects into a 120-g steel container holding 150 g of water at 25°C. One object is a 200-g cube of copper that is initially at 85°C, and the other is a chunk of aluminum that is initially at 5.0°C. To the surprise of the stud

> The potential difference across a resting neuron in the human body is about 75.0 mV and carries a current of about 0.200 mA. How much power does the neuron release?

> Batteries are rated in terms of ampere - hours (A · h). For example, a battery that can deliver a current of 3.0 A for 5.0 h is rated at 15 A · h. (a) What is the total energy, in kilowatt - hours, stored in a 12 - V battery rated at 55 A · h? (b) At $0.