In the March 2016 edition of CIMA’s Financial Management journal, Lawrie Holmes interviewed Noel Togoe, CIMA’S director of Education. Togoe stated that value measurement has been an area of dramatic change affecting the financial management landscape. The shift from tangible to intangible value has been seismic. It’s something that makes us think differently about management accounting. As recently as 30 years ago, the balance sheet represented about 80 per cent of the value of quoted firms on average. Today it’s about 17 per cent. It’s common knowledge that products will give your firm a competitive edge for only a limited time, because it’s possible for your rivals to copy them. But you can often derive a sustainable competitive advantage from relationships. These cannot be reverse-engineered or replicated, because you need all the right cultural conditions. It is intangible factors – culture, reputation, relationships, processes and the innovative potential of the workforce – that give an organization its long-term advantage. If part of the work of managers is to enhance the value of the organization, preserve the value of the organization and ensure that stakeholders get value from the organization, they need to pay attention to the drivers of value. If the drivers of value are intangible, you need to pay attention to them, but we don’t seem to have got to that. Questions 1 Provide examples of companies where most of their value can be attributed to intellectual capital rather than physical assets. 2 What do you think are the key intellectual capital drivers of corporate value?
> Write a two-equation system in “supply and demand form,” that is, with the same variable yt (typically, “quantity”) appearing on the left-hand side: y1 = 1y2 + 1z1 + u1 y1 = 2y2 + 2z2 + u2. (i) If 1 = 0 or 2 = 0, explain why a reduced form exists f
> Suppose you are hired by a university to study the factors that determine whether students admitted to the university actually come to the university. You are given a large random sample of students who were admitted the previous year. You have informati
> Let patents be the number of patents applied for by a firm during a given year. Assume that the conditional expectation of patents given sales and RD is; E(patents|sales,RD) = exp[0 + 1log(sales) + 2RD + 3RD2], where sales is annual firm sales and RD
> (i) Suppose in the Tobit model that x1 = log(z1), and this is the only place z1 appears in x. Show that where 1 is the coefficient on log(z1). (ii) If x1 = z1, and x2 = z21, show that where 1 is the coefficient on z1 a
> (i) For a binary response y, let y be the proportion of ones in the sample (which is equal to the sample average of the yj). Let q^0 be the percent correctly predicted for the outcome y = 0 and let q^1 be the percent correctly predicted for the outcome y
> Let {yt} be an I(1) sequence. Suppose that ^n is the one-step-ahead forecast of (yn+1 and let f^n = ^n + yn be the one-step-ahead forecast of yn+1. Explain why the forecast errors for forecasting (yn+1 and yn+1 are identical
> Suppose that yt follows the model yt = + 1zt-1 + ut ut = ut-1 + et E(et|It-1) = 0, where It-1 contains y and z dated at t - 1 and earlier. (i) Show that E(yt11|It) = (1 = ) + yt + 1zt - 1zt-1. (ii) Suppose that you use n observations to estimat
> Use the data in GPA1 to answer this question. We can compare multiple regression estimates, where we control for student achievement and background variables, and compare our findings with the difference-in-means estimate in Computer Exercise C11 in Chap
> Let gMt be the annual growth in the money supply and let unemt be the unemployment rate. Assuming that unemt follows a stable AR(1) process, explain in detail how you would test whether gM Granger causes unem.
> Using the monthly data in VOLAT, the following model was estimated: where pcip is the percentage change in monthly industrial production, at an annualized rate, and pcsp is the percentage change in the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index, a
> Suppose the process {(xt, yt): t = 0, 1, 2, . . .} satisfies the equations yt = xt + ut and (xt = (xt-1 + vt, where E(ut|It-1) = E(vt|It-1) = 0, It-1 contains information on x and y dated at time t - 1 and earlier, - 0, and || < 1 [so that xt, and t
> Consider the error correction model in equation (18.37). Show that if you add another lag of the error correction term, yt-2 – xt-2, the equation suffers from perfect collinearity. Data from Equation 18.37:
> Suppose that {yt} and {zt} are I(1) series, but yt - zt is I(0) for some - 0. Show that for any - , yt - zt must be I(1).
> An interesting economic model that leads to an econometric model with a lagged dependent variable relates yt to the expected value of xt, say, x*t , where the expectation is based on all observed information at time t - 1: yt = 0 + 1x*t + ut. A natural
> Consider the geometric distributed model in equation, written in estimating equation form as in equation: yt = 0 + zt + yt-1 + vt, where vt = ut - ut-1. (i) Suppose that you are only willing to assume the sequential exogeneity assumption in (18.6). W
> Consider equation (18.15) with k = 2. Using the IV approach to estimating the h and , what would you use as instruments for yt-1? Data from Equation 18.15:
> Why can we not use first differences when we have independent cross sections in two years (as opposed to panel data)?
> (i) In the enterprise zone event study in Computer Exercise C5 in Chapter 10, a regression of the OLS residuals on the lagged residuals produces ^ = .841 and se(^) = .053. What implications does this have for OLS? (ii) If you want to use OLS but also w
> Use the data in HTV to answer this question. (i) Estimate the regression model educ = 0 + 1motheduc + 2fatheduc + 3abil + 4abil2 + u by OLS and report the results in the usual form. Test the null hypothesis that educ is linearly related to abil agai
> In Example 10.6, we used the data in FAIR to estimate a variant on Fair’s model for predicting presidential election outcomes in the United States. (i) What argument can be made for the error term in this equation being serially uncorrelated? (ii) When
> A partial adjustment model is y*t = 0 + 1xt + et yt – yt-1 = (y*t – yt-1) + at, where y*t is the desired or optimal level of y and yt is the actual (observed) level. For example, y*t is the desired growth in firm inventories, and xt is growth in firm
> Let {xt: t = 1, 2, . . .} be a covariance stationary process and define h = Cov(xt, xt+h) for h >= 0. Show that Corr(xt, xt+h) = h/0.
> In Example 10.4, we wrote the model that explicitly contains the long-run propensity, (0, as gfrt = 0 + (0pet + 1 (pet-1 = pet) + 2 (pet-2 - pet) + u, where we omit the other explanatory variables for simplicity. As always with multiple regression ana
> Consider the simple regression model with classical measurement error, y = 0 + 1x* + u, where we have m measures on xp. Write these as zh = x* + eh, h = 1, . . . , m. Assume that xp is uncorrelated with u, e1, . . . ,
> (i) In column (3) of Table 9.2, the coefficient on educ is .018 and it is statistically insignificant, and that on IQ is actually negative, 2.0009, and also statistically insignificant. Explain what is happening. (ii) What regression might you run that s
> Consider the potential outcomes framework, where w is a binary treatment indicator and the potential outcomes are y(0) and y(1). Assume that w is randomly assigned, so that w is independent of [y(0),y(1)]. Let 0 = E[y(0)], 1 = E[y(1)], 20 = Var[y(0)],
> Consider a model at the employee level, yi,e = 0 + 1xi,e,1 + 2xi,e,2 + . . . + kxi,e,k + fi + vi,e, where the unobserved variable fi is a “firm effect” to each employee at a given firm i. The error term vi,e is specific to employee e at firm i. The c
> (i) In the context of potential outcomes with a sample of size n, let [yi(0), yi(1)] denote the pair of potential outcomes for unit i. Define the averages and define the sample average treatment effect (SATE) as SATE = y(1) – y(0). Can
> Using the data in SLEEP75 (see also Problem 3 in Chapter 3), we obtain the estimated equation The variable sleep is total minutes per week spent sleeping at night, totwrk is total weekly minutes spent working, educ and age are measured in years, and male
> Use the data in GPA1 to answer these questions. It is a sample of Michigan State University undergraduates from the mid-1990s, and includes current college GPA, colGPA, and a binary variable indicating whether the student owned a personal computer (PC).
> If we start with (6.38) under the CLM assumptions, assume large n, and ignore the estimation error in the ^j, a 95% prediction interval for y0 is [exp(-1.96^) exp(logy0) , exp(1.96^) exp(logy0)]. The point prediction for y0 is y^0 = exp(^2/2)exp(logy
> Consider the equation y = b0 + b1x + b2x2 + u E(u|x) = 0, where the explanatory variable x has a standard normal distribution in the population. In particular, E(x) = 0, E(x2) = Var(x) = 1, and E(x3) = 0. This last condition holds because the standard no
> In the simple regression model under MLR.1 through MLR.4, we argued that the slope estimator, ^1, is consistent for 1. Using ^0 = y - ^1x1, show that plim ^0 = 0. [You need to use the consistency of ^1 and the law of large numbers, along with the
> In Problem 3 in Chapter 3, we estimated the equation where we now report standard errors along with the estimates. (i) Is either educ or age individually significant at the 5% level against a two-sided alternative? Show your work. (ii) Dropping educ and
> We used data on nonunionized manufacturing firms to estimate the relationship between the scrap rate and other firm characteristics. We now look at this example more closely and use all available firms. (i) The population model estimated in Example 4.7 c
> The data in MEAPSINGLE were used to estimate the following equations relating school-level performance on a fourth-grade math test to socioeconomic characteristics of students attending school. The variable free, measured at the school level, is the perc
> The following table was created using the data in CEOSAL2, where standard errors are in parentheses below the coefficients: The variable mktval is market value of the firm, profmarg is profit as a percentage of sales, ceoten is years as CEO with the curr
> Consider an estimated equation for workers earning an hourly wage, wage, where educ, years of schooling, and exper, actual years in the workforce, are measured in years. The dependent variable is lwage = log(wage): Suppose that getting one more year of e
> In the potential outcomes framework with heterogeneous (nonconstant) treatment effect, write the error as ui = (1 - xi)ui(0) + xiui(1). Let 02 = Var[ui(0)] and 12 = Var[ui(1)]. Assume random assignment. (i) Find Var(ui | xi). (ii) When is Var(ui | xi)
> Consider the potential outcomes framework from Section 2.7a, where yi(0) and yi(1) are the potential outcomes in each treatment state. (i) Show that if we could observe yi(0) and yi(1) for all i then an unbiased estimator of ate would
> There has been much interest in whether the presence of 401(k) pension plans, available to many U.S. workers, increases net savings. The data set 401KSUBS contains information on net financial assets (nettfa), family income (inc), a binary variable for e
> Use the data in GPA1 for this exercise (i) Add the variables mothcoll and fathcoll to the equation estimated in (7.6) and report the results in the usual form. What happens to the estimated effect of PC ownership? Is PC still statistically significant? (
> SAP, a global leader in enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, offers several tools to help businesses find an optimal solution to production scheduling and planning problems. For example, the advanced planner and optimizer (APO) module offers solut
> An article written by Ben Chu published in The Independent newspaper in 2016 demonstrated why the classical economic view of humans as rational decision-makers is often very wide of the mark. When individuals evaluate a financial decision, when a busines
> Just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing and inventory systems have been used by many companies to reduce manufacturing times and reduce waste with the ultimate objective of increasing profitability. The JIT concept is based on close relationships with key suppl
> Chinese computer manufacturer Lenovo had an annual turnover of $45 billion for the year ended 31 March 2016, of which 66 per cent was in the personal computer market. This market includes desktops, tablets and notebooks. A report on the internet in Octob
> Safety or buffer stocks are held for many reasons. For example, road authorities might want to hold sufficient stock of grit salt in case of bad weather, or firms might build stock of key materials if a price rise is impending. In recent times climat
> Modern day aircraft are complex pieces of engineering, increasingly using more technology, composite materials and more efficient engines. Aircraft engines are in particular improving not only in fuel efficiency but also in range, thus contributing to
> South African energy and chemicals company Sasol, like many companies dealing with large scale projects, needs to prepare cost estimates. Sasol specializes in high value liquid fuels, chemicals and low-carbon electricity. In 2014, the company decided
> Big data refers to the huge volume of data that exists within many firms, much of it enabled by recent advances in information technology. According to the website of the software and services firm SAS, the issue for firms nowadays is how best to analyse
> Farrar’s report (2019) identified how the finance function (including management accounting) is evolving and the corresponding implications for finance professionals. An article published on the CIMA website by Ash Noah, the Managing Director of CGMA Lea
> A CBS News report from August 2019 highlights the issue of the increasing cost of water to domestic consumers in the USA. The average consumer bill is $104 per month, and this amount is an increase of 30 per cent on the rate for the previous decade. S
> In recent years, two global companies have had to deal with some quite large costs as a result of quality control failures. First, take the example of Toyota cars in the USA. In late 2009 and early 2010, Toyota recalled several of its US models, the
> Many low-cost carriers such as easyJet and Ryanair regularly offer flights to customers at low prices. They continue to do this even during depressed economic times. Both continue to make good profits with easyJet posting pre-tax profits of £578m (2018 c
> Every time Apple releases a new device it cannot satisfy immediate demand. This is a result of Apple’s precise JIT manufacturing system. Apple does not wish to take the risk of producing more devices than it will sell, so it adjusts manufacturing to ma
> Until very recently, the Boeing 737 jet was the world’s most popular and reliable commercial airliner. However, the grounding in mid-2019 of its latest generation of this plane, the 737Max, after two fatal crashes killed nearly 350 passengers, led to
> Insteel Industries decided to implement ABM at their plant in Andrews, South Carolina. The ABM team analysed operations and identified 12 business processes involving a total of 146 activities. The ABM study revealed that the 20 most expensive activit
> Electric vehicles are a potential part of the solution to reduce our planet’s CO2 emissions and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. They are however more expensive than vehicles using internal combustion engines. For example, in 2019, an electric Nissan
> According to an article in Financial Management, ‘A sustainable supply chain manager needs to understand all issues within a company’s supply and value chain’. Some of these issues are cost related, but some also are driven by non-economic issues. One
> The term ‘big data’ refers to large collections of data that may be analysed to reveal patterns, trends and associations. The term is often associated with social media data, but big data may also refer to large volumes of internally generated data. An a
> Southwest Airlines set ‘operating efficiency’ as its strategic theme. The four perspectives embodied in the balanced scorecard were linked together by a series of relatively simple questions and answers: Financial: Wha
> The Globe and Mail (Canada) quotes an article written by Professor Pietro Micheli in Industry Week in which he listed seven myths about performance management that promote the wrong behaviours. The following is a summary of these myths: Myth 1: Numbers
> Across Europe, just how much – or little – US multinational firms are paying in taxes is coming under intense scrutiny according to an article published in the Washington Post. Most of the investigations revolve around the issue of ‘transfer pricing’, wh
> According to figures released by the UK tax authority (HMRC – HM Revenue & Customs), £1.68 billion was raised from transfer pricing adjustments in the tax year 2017–18, which was slightly higher than the previous year (£1.62 billion) and represents a his
> Although there are various ways to categorize the costs that firms incur, one of the most popular is to do so using fixed and variable costs. Depending on the industry in which a particular firm operates, their cost structure (i.e. combination of fixed a
> Multinational organizations can use international transfer pricing to achieve multiple objectives. By setting a high transfer price in selling/providing a good/service between subsidiaries/divisions located in different countries, they can reduce the pro
> Following the events of September 2001, airport security screening in the USA and globally increased dramatically. As we all know, this led to increasing queues at airports which, while inconvenient, are paramount to ensure the safety and security of
> As a result of the recent financial troubles at Tesco its shares declined to an 11-year low in 2014. Terry Smith, chief executive of investment house Fundsmith, stated in an article published in The Financial Times that investors had long ignored warning
> Each year, Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS) conducts a Global Benchmark Policy Survey as part of an annual development process. Questions in 2019 included a broad range of topics such as board gender diversity, director over-boarding and dire
> From Real World Views 19.1, you know that Siemens operates in many countries and has a diverse product offering. With such complex and broad operations, there are invariably many factors that can affect the performance of a business sector or division. I
> German global company Siemens AG had a turnover of almost €87 billion in its 2019 fiscal year, recording a net profit of €6.31 billion, according to its 2019 Annual Report. The company operates globally and employs 385,000 staff. Siemens is a diverse org
> An article by Thomas Conine on cfo.com provides some useful insights into how to deal with responsibility for variances from plan, especially given increases in the volatility of uncontrollable factors in recent years – oil prices, climate change and
> Recipes are used in the manufacturing processes of many sectors. In the paper industry, a starch recipe consisting of borax, caustic soda, starch (from maize or potatoes) and hot water is used to glue corrugated board (cardboard) together. This proces
> Meditech South Africa (Pty) Ltd provides software solutions to meet the information needs of healthcare organizations in Africa and the Middle East. According to their website, the software can encompass all areas of healthcare from doctors’ offices t
> Setting standards in an organization may be primarily to assist in the calculation of a standard cost for the product or service for management accounting purposes. Standards are also relevant for operational and customer service managers as they may a
> Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA)/Chartered Global Management Accountants (CGMA) Activities and skills of management accounting Management accounting combines accounting, finance and management with the leading-edge techniques needed t
> Once standard costs have been established and used by a business, they should be updated on a regular basis. Actual costs are frequently used as a basis for any updates. SAP, a leading enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, provides tools and data
> In September 2019, Liverpool City Council in the UK were facing a cash hole of £57 million, which the city’s major, Joe Anderson, titled the ‘worst financial crisis since the Second World War’. He blamed the government’s austerity measures for the dra
> The Crossrail project currently under construction in London, will run from Heathrow Airport to the Canary Wharf financial district, and will be known as the ‘Elizabeth Line’. The new line will stretch for more than 100km and is expected to carry app
> In 2007, crime-fighting targets set by the UK government were criticized by senior and on-the beat police officers as driving them to make ‘ludicrous’ decisions on the prosecution of crimes. For example, such crimes included a ‘man who was cautioned by
> It appears that most firms benefit from having a budget in place, to allow them to use their limited resources in the most optimal manner possible in pursuit of their strategic objectives. However, the merits associated with budgeting are debated. For ex
> Although the apex of ZBB’s popularity in the late 1970s is long past, there has been renewed interest in ZBB in today’s environment of fiscal constraint, says Shayne Kavanagh in an article published in Public Management. He cites a Government Finance O
> Big data is a term that describes the large volume of raw data, both structured and unstructured, that inundates a business on a daily basis. It includes information such as email messages, social media postings, phone calls, purchase transactions, w
> This is a question posed by the Becker’s Hospital Review website. According to an article on the website from October 2019, the budgeting processes in healthcare have lagged other sectors, especially in the use of ‘data-driven forecasting approaches’.
> In 2015/16, sustained high prices for oil and natural gas prompted an increasing interest in drilling in locations that were previously not considered. For example, oil is being extracted from sands in countries such as Canada, where the deposits are
> An article published in The Irish Times by Olive Keogh cites the following comments by Patrick Gibbons, Professor of Strategic Management at the UCD Michael Smurfit Graduate Business School: The one thing we know about most forecasts is that they are
> As one of the pioneers in the low-cost airline industry, easyJet’s business model has some core values: ● Safety – We never compromise on safety. ● Simplicity – We cut out the things that don’t matter to keep us lean and make it easy. ● One team – Togeth
> Writing in The Australian Financial Review Jack Mintz states that for investment decisions, taxes matter, and Australia’s company tax rate (30 per cent) is too high in comparison to other countries, particularly in the increasingly competitive global
> As our planet faces many threats from resource use and climate change, governments, firms and individuals are beginning to change their views and ways of work. One resource the human species needs to survive is water. Despite water being a natural re
> Increasingly, householders and small businesses are considering renewable power generation systems to decrease their energy costs. The two most popular approaches in Europe are wind and solar energy. While larger businesses typically appraise all inv
> In October 2019, Pure Gold Mining Inc. announced that its Madsen Mine project in Red Lake, Ontario, had identified a new expansive gold deposit. The deposits are in a previously unexplored area and the company reports the gold as being of high quality. P
> All businesses have to continually engage in capital investment to improve and maintain processes, equipment and facilities. Governments also invest in infrastructure projects like roads, rail and utilities provision. Whether a private or public organi
> Each individual’s attitude to risk lies somewhere on a continuum with risk-seeking at one extreme and risk-averse at the other extreme. The same logic generally applies to organizations or even for that matter, national governments or political instit
> Management accountants would typically perform a risk assessment as follows: identify the risks, assess their impact and probability, and develop appropriate risk responses. Although very practical, it is uncertain as to how specific management accoun
> The CGMA website offers management accountants a collection of tools and resources which are useful to identify, assess and respond to (or manage) various types of risk faced by an organization. For example, it identifies the following four categories
> As reflected in RWVs 11.3, costing healthcare is a challenge. While ABC may offer some benefits to healthcare costing, the adoption rates of ABC are not high, and its implementation is often complex. To make matters simpler, time-driven ABC (TDABC) may
> The remuneration system that is applied in healthcare organizations in number of a countries (e.g. Australia, the USA, Switzerland, Spain and Italy) enables ABC profitability analysis to be applied in hospitals. These countries apply the Diagnosis Relate
> Fast fashion refers to clothes that are designed and manufactured quickly and sold to consumers at extremely low prices. New garments arrive in stores weekly, or even more frequently, and cost so little that consumers can fill their wardrobes with new
> Raab, Shoemaker and Mayer (2007) developed a workable ABC model for a restaurant operation in the USA that enabled previously undistributed indirect operating expenses to be traced to individual menu items. Menu prices were previously determined on a
> Until recently, Xu Ji Electric Co Ltd was a typical state-owned Chinese enterprise manufacturing electrical products such as relays. From an accounting point of view, this implied a manual bookkeeping system which was primarily designed to meet external
