Question: On a warm summer day, the air

> The drawing shows a snapshot of a transverse wave moving to the left on a string. The wave speed is 10.0 m/s. At the instant the snapshot is taken, (a) in what direction is point A moving? (b) In what direction is point B moving? (c) At which of these

> When a double slit is illuminated with light of wavelength 510 nm, the interference maxima on a screen 2.4 m away gradually decrease in intensity on either side of the 2.40 cm wide central maximum and reach a minimum in a spot where the fifth-order maxim

> Would heat loss be reduced or increased by increasing the air gap, usually about 1 cm, between commercially made double-paned windows? Explain your reasoning. [Hint: Consider convection.]

> A gibbon, hanging onto a horizontal tree branch with one arm, swings with a small amplitude. The gibbon’s CM is 0.40 m from the branch, and its rotational inertia divided by its mass is I/m = 0.25 m2. Estimate the frequency of oscillation.

> The focal length of a concave mirror is 4.00 m and an object is placed 3.00 m in front of the mirror. Describe the image in terms of real, virtual, upright, and inverted.

> A harpsichord string of length 1.50 m and linear mass density 25.0 mg/m vibrates at a fundamental frequency of 450.0 Hz. (a) What is the speed of the transverse string waves? (b) What is the tension? (c) What are the wavelength and frequency of the so

> An electron is suspended in a vacuum between two oppositely charged horizontal parallel plates. The separation between the plates is 3.00 mm. (a) What are the signs of the charge on the upper and on the lower plates? (b) What is the voltage across the

> An object moves in SHM. Its position as a function of time is x(t) = A cos ωt. (a) Apply conservation of energy to show that vx(t) = ±ωA sin ωt. [Hint: See Appendix A.7 for a useful trigonometric identity.] (b) Then refer to a graph of x(t) to explain

> The tension in a ligament in the human knee is approximately proportional to the extension of the ligament, if the extension is not too large. If a particular ligament has an effective spring constant of 150 N/mm as it is stretched, (a) what is the tens

> A volunteer firefighter holds the end of a firehose as a strong jet of water emerges. (a) The hose exerts a large backward force on the firefighter. Explain the origin of this force. (b) If another firefighter steps on the hose, forming a constriction

> A 3000 kg truck is about to tow a 1250 kg car up a hill that makes an angle of α = 10° with respect to the horizontal. The rope attached from the truck to the car makes an angle of β = 25° with respect to t

> A mica sheet 1.00 µm thick is suspended in air. In reflected light, there are gaps in the visible spectrum just at 450, 525, and 630 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the mica sheet.

> Explain why there is a phase difference between the current in an ac circuit and the potential difference across a capacitor in the same circuit.

> What is the difference between a virtual and a real image? Describe a method for demonstrating the presence of a real image.

> A square loop of wire with side 0.60 m carries a current of 9.0 A as shown in the side-view diagram. When there is no applied magnetic field, the plane of the loop is horizontal and the nonconducting, nonmagnetic spring (k = 550 N/m) is unstretched. A ho

> A study was done observing the ability of the eye to rapidly rotate in order to follow a moving object by placing contact lenses that contain accelerometers on a subject’s eye. The eyeball has radius 1.25 cm. Suppose that, while the subject watches a mov

> At t = 0, the wave pulses shown are moving toward each other on a string. The wave speed is 20 m/s. Use the principle of superposition to sketch the shape of the string at t = 2.0 ms.

> A glass prism bends a ray of blue light more than a ray of red light since its index of refraction is slightly higher for blue than for red. Does a diverging glass lens have the same focal point for blue light and for red light? If not, for which color i

> 1. The speed of an electromagnetic wave in vacuum depends on (a) the amplitude of the electric field but not on the amplitude of the magnetic field. (b) the amplitude of the magnetic field but not on the amplitude of the electric field. (c) the amplitude

> 1. For an ac circuit, graphs (1, 2) could represent: (a) the (1-voltage, 2-current) for a capacitor. (b) the (1-current, 2-voltage) for a capacitor. (c) the (1-voltage, 2-current) for a resistor. (d) the (1-current, 2-voltage) for a resistor. (e) the (1-

> 1. An electric current is induced in a conducting loop by all but one of these processes. Which one does not produce an induced current? (a) rotating the loop so that it cuts across magnetic field lines (b) placing the loop so that its area is perpendicu

> The United States and Canada use 120 V rms as the standard household voltage, whereas most of the rest of the world uses 240 V rms for the household standard. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the two systems?

> Explain the theory behind the pressure cooker. How does it speed up cooking times?

> High-voltage power lines run along the edge of a farmer’s field. Describe how the farmer might be able to steal electric power without making any electrical connection to the power line. (Yes, it works. Yes, it has been done. Yes, it is illegal.)

> Samantha goes kayaking on a straight river. After she has paddled upstream for a while, she realizes she dropped a lifejacket overboard when she launched so she turns around and paddles downstream to retrieve it. The lifejacket has been drifting along wi

> You throw a ball up with initial speed vi, and when it reaches its high point at height h, you throw another ball into the air with the same initial speed vi. Will the two balls cross at half the height h, more than half, or less than half? Explain.

> Wires that carry telephone signals or Internet data are twisted. The twisting reduces the noise on the line from nearby electric devices that produce changing currents. How does the twisting reduce noise pickup?

> Consider the three ideal polarizing filters shown in the figure. The angles listed indicate the direction of the transmission axis of each polarizer with respect to the vertical. (a) If unpolarized light of intensity I0 is incident from the left, what i

> Write the symbol (in the form / ) for the nuclide that has 78 neutrons and 53 protons.

> 11. The magnetic forces that two parallel wires with unequal currents flowing in opposite directions exert on each other are (a) attractive and unequal in magnitude. (b) repulsive and unequal in magnitude. (c) attractive and equal in magnitude. (d) repul

> The armature of an ac generator is a rectangular coil 2.0 cm by 6.0 cm with 80 turns. It is immersed in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude 0.45 T. If the amplitude of the emf in the coil is 17.0 V, at what angular speed is the armature rotating?

> A 1500 W electric hair dryer is designed to work in the United States, where the ac voltage is 120 V rms. What power is dissipated in the hair dryer when it is plugged into a 240 V rms socket in Europe? What may happen to the hair dryer in this case?

> A conducting sphere is placed within a conducting spherical shell. The conductors are in electrostatic equilibrium. The inner sphere has a radius of 1.50 cm, the inner radius of the spherical shell is 2.25 cm, and the outer radius of the shell is 2.75 cm

> On a warm day, a piano is tuned to match an organ in an auditorium. Will the piano still be in tune with the organ the next morning, when the room is cold? If not, will the organ be higher or lower in pitch than the piano? (Assume that the piano's tuning

> A radioactive sample of radon-222 has an activity of 2050 Bq. How many kilograms of radon are present?

> Multiple-Choice Questions 1–4. In the figure, four point charges move in the directions indicated in the vicinity of a bar magnet. The magnet, charge positions, and velocity vectors all lie in the plane of this page. Answer choices: (a)

> A 640 nm laser emits a 1.0 s pulse in a beam with a diameter of 1.5 mm. The rms electric field of the pulse is 120 V/m. How many photons are emitted per second?

> A 220 W laser fires a 0.250 ms pulse of light with a wavelength of 680 nm. (a) What is the energy of each photon in the laser beam? (b) How many photons are in this pulse?

> The carbon isotope 15C decays much faster than 14C. (a) Using Appendix B.8, write a nuclear reaction showing the decay of 15C. (b) How much energy is released when 15C decays?

> In air under ordinary conditions (room temperature and atmospheric pressure), the average intermolecular distance is about 4 nm and the mean free path is about 0.1 µm. The diameter of a nitrogen molecule is about 0.3 nm. Explain how the mean free path ca

> Two identical long straight conducting wires with a mass per unit length of 25.0 g/m are resting parallel to each other on a table. The wires are separated by 2.5 mm and are carrying currents in opposite directions. (a) If the coefficient of static fric

> An electromagnetic rail gun can fire a projectile using a magnetic field and an electric current. Consider two horizontal conducting rails that are 0.500 m apart with a 50.0 g conducting projectile that slides along the two rails. A magnetic field of 0.7

> The radio telescope at Arecibo, Puerto Rico, has a reflecting spherical bowl of 305 m (1000 ft) diameter. Radio signals can be received and emitted at various frequencies with the appropriate antennae at the focal point. If two Moon craters 499 km apart

> Describe the polarization of radio waves transmitted from a horizontal electric dipole antenna that travel parallel to Earth’s surface.

> A particle is initially moving at 0.60c. If its momentum increases by a factor of 2.0, what is its speed?

> A 2.0 kg block is moving to the right at 1.0 m/s just before it strikes and sticks to a 1.0 kg block initially at rest. What is the total momentum of the two blocks after the collision?

> An ideal transformer with 1800 turns on the primary and 300 turns on the secondary is used in an electric slot car racing set to reduce the input voltage amplitude of 170 V from the wall output. The current in the secondary coil is of amplitude 3.2 A. Wh

> The radius of a wheel is 0.500 m. A rope is wound around the outer rim of the wheel. The rope is pulled with a force of magnitude 5.00 N, unwinding the rope and making the wheel spin CCW about its central axis. Ignore the mass of the rope. (a) How much

> 1. A transverse wave travels on a string of mass m, length L, and tension F. Which statement is correct? (a) The energy of the wave is proportional to the square root of the wave amplitude. (b) Every point on the string moves with the same speed. (c) The

> An anchor, made of cast iron of bulk modulus 60.0 GPa and of volume 0.230 m3, is lowered over the side of the ship to the bottom of the harbor where the pressure is greater than sea level pressure by 1.75 MPa. Find the change in the volume of the anchor.

> Why do cooking directions on packages advise different timing to be followed for some locations?

> Three point charges are placed on the x-axis. A charge of 3.00 µC is at the origin. A charge of −5.00 µC is at 20.0 cm, and a charge of 8.00 µC is at 35.0 cm. What is the force on the charge at the origin?

> 11. The drawing shows a complex wave moving to the right along a cord. At the instant shown, which points on the cord are moving downward? (a) A (b) B (c) C (d) A and C (e) A, B, and C

> A uniform door weighs 50.0 N and is 1.0 m wide and 2.6 m high. What is the magnitude of the torque due to the door's own weight about a horizontal axis perpendicular to the door and passing through a corner?

> Mars has a mass of about 6.42 × 1023 kg. The length of a day on Mars is 24 h and 37 min, a little longer than the length of a day on Earth. Your task is to put a satellite into a circular orbit around Mars so that it stays above one spot on the surface,

> A ray of light passes from air into water, striking the surface of the water with an angle of incidence of 45°. Which of these quantities change as the light enters the water: wavelength, frequency, speed of propagation, direction of propagation?

> 1. In an ionic solution, sodium ions (Na+) are moving to the right and chloride ions (Cl−) are moving to the left. In which direction is the current due to the motion of (1) the sodium ions and (2) the chloride ions? (a) Both are to the

> The graph shows ground vibrations recorded by a seismograph 180 km from the focus of a small earthquake. It took the waves 30.0 s to travel from their source to the seismograph. Estimate the wavelength.

> A series RLC circuit has a 0.20 mF capacitor, a 13 mH inductor, and a 10.0 Ω resistor, and is connected to an ac source with amplitude 9.0 V and frequency 60 Hz. (a) Calculate the voltage amplitudes VL, VC, VR, and the phase angle. (b) Draw the phasor

> Electric power is distributed long distances over transmission lines by using high ac voltages and therefore small ac currents. What is the advantage of using high voltages instead of safer low voltages?

> Explain the differences between average current, rms current, and peak current in an ac circuit.

> An asteroid hits the Moon and ejects a large rock from its surface. The rock has enough speed to travel to a point between Earth and the Moon where the gravitational forces on it from Earth and the Moon are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. A

> 11. In the diagram, which two points are closest to being at the same potential? (a) A and D (b) B and C (c) B and D (d) A and C 12. In the diagram, which point is at the lowest potential? (a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

> A certain capacitor stores 450 J of energy when it holds 8.0 × 10−2 C of charge. What is (a) the capacitance of this capacitor and (b) the potential difference across the plates?

> X-rays illuminate a target and the scattered x-rays are detected. Given the wavelength λ of the incident x-rays and the scattering angle θ, rank the scattered x-rays from largest wavelength to smallest wavelength. (a) λ = 1.0 pm, θ = 90°; (b) λ = 1.0 p

> A piece of gold wire of length L has a resistance R0. Suppose the wire is drawn out so that its length increases by a factor of 3. What is the new resistance R in terms of the original resistance?

> 1. Among these choices, which is/are correct units for electric field? (a) N/kg only (b) N/C only (c) N only (d) N·m/C only (e) V/m only (f) both N/C and V/m 2. Two charges are located at opposite corners (A and C) of a square. We do not k

> A spring fixed at one end is compressed from its relaxed position by a distance of 0.20 m. See the graph of the applied external force Fx versus the compression x of the spring. (a) Find the work done by the external force in compressing the spring 0.20

> 1. An alpha particle (charge +2e and mass 4mp) is on a collision course with a proton (charge +e and mass mp). Assume that no forces act other than the electrical repulsion. Which one of these statements about the accelerations of the two particles is tr

> 11. Given 1 mole of an ideal gas, in a state characterized by PA, VA, a change occurs so that the final pressure and volume are equal to PB, VB, where VB > VA. Which of these is true? (a) The heat supplied to the gas during the process is completely dete

> A skier starts from rest at the top of a frictionless slope of ice in the shape of a hemispherical dome with radius R and slides down the slope. At a certain height h, the normal force becomes zero and the skier leaves the surface of the ice. What is h i

> The solar panels on the roof of a house measure 4.0 m by 6.0 m. Assume they convert 12% of the incident EM wave’s energy to electric energy. (a) What average power do the panels supply when the incident intensity is 1.0 kW/m2 and the panels are perpendi

> The main magnet in an MRI machine is a superconducting solenoid 1.8 m long and 30 cm in radius. During normal operation, the current through the windings is 100 A, the resistance of the windings is zero, and the magnetic field magnitude is 1.5 T. (a) Wh

> A 6.20 mH inductor is one of the elements in an RLC series circuit. When this circuit is connected to a 1.60 kHz sinusoidal source with an rms voltage of 960.0 V, an rms current of 2.50 A lags behind the voltage by 52.0°. (a) What is the impedance of th

> If 46 m of nichrome wire is to have a resistance of 10.0 Ω at 20°C, what diameter wire should be used?

> Octavio, traveling at a speed of 0.60c, passes Tracy and her barn. Tracy, who is at rest with respect to her barn, says that the barn is 16 m long in the direction in which Octavio is traveling, 4.5 m high, and 12 m deep. (a) What does Tracy say is the

> A coil has an inductance of 0.15 H and a resistance of 33 Ω. The coil is connected to a 6.0 V ideal battery. When the current reaches half its maximum value: (a) At what rate is magnetic energy being stored in the inductor? (b) At what rate is energy be

> A man is trying to lift 60.0 kg off the floor by bending at the waist (see Fig. 8.33). Assume that the man's upper body weighs 455 N and the upper body's center of gravity is 38 cm from the sacrum (tailbone). (a) If, when bent over, the hands are a hori

> If you shine a laser with a small aperture at the Moon, diffraction makes the beam spread out and the spot on the Moon is large. Making the aperture smaller only makes the spot on the Moon larger. On the other hand, shining a wide searchlight at the Moon

> Two immersion heaters, A and B, are both connected to a 120 V supply. Heater A can raise the temperature of 1.0 L of water from 20.0°C to 90.0°C in 2.0 min, whereas heater B can raise the temperature of 5.0 L of water from 20.0°C to 90.0°C in 5.0 min. Wh

> At the 10.0 km long Stanford Linear Accelerator, electrons with rest energy of 0.511 MeV have been accelerated to a total energy of 46 GeV. How long is the accelerator as measured in the reference frame of the electrons?

> Compare two methods of comparing or calculating the final speeds: using constant-acceleration kinematics versus using energy. Which is easier? Why?

> In each of the five situations shown, a force is applied to a point on the handle of an old pump. Rank the situations in order of the magnitude of the torque applied to the handle, smallest to largest.

> Rank the flywheels of Problems 11 and 12 in order of the radial acceleration of a point on the rim, largest to smallest.

> 1. A heat engine runs between reservoirs at temperatures of 300°C and 30°C. What is its maximum possible efficiency? (a) 10% (b) 47% (c) 53% (d) 90% (e) 100% 2. The PV diagram illustrates several paths to get from an initial to a f

> A mass-spring system (mass m, spring constant k) oscillates with amplitude A. Show, using dimensional analysis alone, that the frequency f is independent of the amplitude A and is proportional to , assuming that m, k, and A are the only relevant quantit

> 11. When a substance is at its triple point, it (a) is in its solid phase. (b) is in its liquid phase. (c) is in its gas phase. (d) may be in any or all of these phases. 12. The phase diagram for water is shown in the figure. If the temperature of a cer

> An incident beam of photons is scattered through 100.0°; the wavelength of the scattered photons is 124.65 pm. What is the wavelength of the incident photons?

> A uranium nucleus (mass 238 u), initially at rest, undergoes radioactive decay. After an alpha particle (mass 4.0 u) is emitted, the remaining nucleus is thorium (mass 234 u). If the alpha particle is moving at 0.050 times the speed of light, what is the

> Two steel plates are fastened together using four bolts. The bolts each have a shear modulus of 80 GPa and a shear strength of 600 MPa. The radius of each bolt is 1.0 cm. Normally, the bolts clamp the two plates together and the frictional forces between

> The net force acting on an object is constant. Under what circumstances does the object move along a straight line? Under what circumstances does the object move along a curved path?

> A variable capacitor with negligible resistance is connected to an ac voltage source. How does the current in the circuit change if the capacitance is increased by a factor of 3.0 and the driving frequency is increased by a factor of 2.0?

> The speed of ultrasound in fat is 1450 m/s, and in muscle it is 1585 m/s. By what percentages do the frequency and wavelength of ultrasound change when passing from fat into muscle?

> What particles are in the lepton family?

> A parallel plate capacitor has 10.0 cm diameter circular plates that are separated by 2.00 mm of dry air. (a) What is the maximum charge that can be on this capacitor? (b) A neoprene dielectric is placed between the plates, filling the entire region be

> (a) Write an equation for a harmonic wave with amplitude 1.20 mm, wavelength 30.0 cm, and wave speed 6.40 m/s traveling in the −x- direction. At t = 0, the point x = 0 is moving in the +y-direction at its maximum transverse speed. (b) What is the value

> 1. The main loss of heat from Earth is by (a) radiation. (b) convection. (c) conduction. (d) All three processes are significant modes of heat loss from Earth. 2. The average temperature of Earth's atmosphere is 253 K. What would be the eventual average

> Dung beetles are renowned for building large (relative to their body size) balls of dung and rolling them on the ground. (a) If a dung beetle can roll (without slipping) a ball of dung whose radius is 2.5 cm at a linear speed of 3.5 cm/s, through what a

> Rank the points in order of gravitational potential energy, from greatest to least.

> While I1 is constant, does current flow in loop 2? If so, does it flow clockwise or counterclockwise as viewed from the right? Explain.