Question: Read the “Chemistry in Focus” segment A

> Write each of the following numbers in standard scientific notation. See the Appendix if you need help multiplying or dividing numbers with exponents. a. 1/102 b. 1/10-2 c. 55/103 d. (3.1 * 106)/10-3 e. (106)1/2 f. (106)(104)/(102) g. 1/0.0034 h.

> Which of the following are considered compounds (as opposed to elements)? a. He b. F2 c. HCl d. S8

> The composition of a given pure compound is always no matter what the source of the compound.

> Is the process represented below a physical or chemical change? H,O H,O H2 O2 Electric current H2

> can be broken down into the component elements by chemical changes.

> For each of the following numbers, by how many places must the decimal point be moved to express the number in standard scientific notation? In each case, will the exponent be positive, negative, or zero? a. 72.471 b. 0.008941 c. 9.9914 d. 6519 e. 0.

> For each of the following numbers, by how many places must the decimal point be moved to express the number in standard scientific notation? In each case, will the exponent be positive, negative, or zero? a. 55,651 b. 0.000008991 c. 2.04 d. 883,541 e

> For each of the following numbers, by how many places does the decimal point have to be moved to express the number in standard scientific notation? In each case, is the exponent positive or negative? a. 102 b. 0.00000000003489 c. 2500 d. 0.00003489

> For each of the following numbers, if the number is rewritten in scientific notation, will the exponent of the power of 10 be positive, negative, or zero? a. 4,915,442 b. 1/1000 c. 0.001 d. 3.75

> For each of the following numbers, if the number is rewritten in scientific notation, will the exponent of the power of 10 be positive, negative, or zero? a. 1/103 b. 0.00045 c. 52,550 d. 7.21 e. 1/3

> When 2891 is written in scientific notation, the exponent indicating the power of 10 is .

> Ethanol and benzene dissolve in each other. When 100. mL of ethanol is dissolved in 1.00 L of benzene, what is the mass of the mixture? (See Table 2.8.) Table 2.8 Densities of Various Common Substances at 20 °C Substance Physical State Density (g/cm

> Using Table 2.8, calculate the volume of 25.0 g of each of the following: a. hydrogen gas (at 1 atmosphere pressure) b. mercury c. lead d. water Table 2.8 Densities of Various Common Substances at 20 °C Substance Physical State Density (g/cm³) о

> A gas cylinder having a volume of 10.5 L contains 36.8 g of gas. What is the density of the gas?

> Elemental bromine is a dense, dark-red, pungent-smelling liquid. Are these characteristics of elemental bromine physical or chemical properties?

> For a material to float on the surface of water, the material must have a density less than that of water (1.0 g/mL) and must not react with the water or dissolve in it. A spherical ball has a radius of 0.50 cm and weighs 2.0 g. Will this ball float or s

> On the planet Xgnu, the natives have 14 fingers. On the official Xgnuese temperature scale (°X), the boiling point of water (under an atmospheric pressure similar to earth’s) is 140 °X, whereas water freezes at 14 °X. Derive the relationship between °X a

> For a pharmacist dispensing pills or capsules, it is often easier to weigh the medication to be dispensed rather than to count the individual pills. If a single antibiotic capsule weighs 0.65 g, and a pharmacist weighs out 15.6 g of capsules, how many ca

> You are in Paris, and you want to buy some peaches for lunch. The sign in the fruit stand indicates that peaches are 2.76 euros per kilogram. Given that there are approximately 1.44 euros to the dollar, calculate what a pound of peaches will cost in doll

> Suppose your car is rated at 45 mi/gal for highway use and 38 mi/gal for city driving. If you wanted to write your friend in Spain about your car’s mileage, what ratings in kilometers per liter would you report?

> Certain elements have special affinities for other elements. This causes them to bind together in special ways to form .

> You pass a road sign saying “New York 110 km.” If you drive at a constant speed of 100. km/h, how long should it take you to reach New York?

> On the planet Xgnu, the most common units of length are the blim (for long distances) and the kryll (for shorter distances). Because the Xgnuese have 14 fingers, perhaps it is not surprising that 1400 kryll 5 1 blim. a. Two cities on Xgnu are 36.2 blim

> What is a compound? What are compounds composed of? What is true about the composition of a compound, no matter where we happen to find the compound?

> For the measurement 0.003040 meters, indicate which (if any) zeros are significant and which (if any) are not significant. Account for all five zeros in the measurement, and explain your reasoning.

> By how many places must the decimal point be moved, and in which direction, to convert each of the following to standard scientific notation? a. 5993 b. -72.14 c. 0.00008291 d. 62.357 e. 0.01014 f. 324.9

> A represents a quantitative observation.

> Sketch a flowchart of the steps in the scientific method. Then define each part of the method.

> What similarities are there between the solid and liquid states of matter? What differences are there between these two states?

> Express each of the following numbers in standard scientific notation. a. 0.5012 b. 5,012,000 c. 0.000005012 d. 5.012 e. 5012 f. 0.005012

> Read the “Chemistry in Focus” segment Measurement: Past, Present, and Future and answer the following questions. a. Give three examples of how developing sophisticated measuring devices is useful in our society. b. Explain how advances in measurement a

> The “Chemistry in Focus” segment Critical Units! discusses the importance of unit conversions. Read the segment and make the proper unit conversions to answer the following questions. a. The Mars Climate Orbiter burned up because it dipped lower in the

> For the masses and volumes indicated, calculate the density in grams per cubic centimeter. a. mass = 234 g; volume = 2.2 cm3 b. mass = 2.34 kg; volume = 2.2 m3 c. mass = 1.2 lb; volume = 2.1 ft3 d. mass = 4.3 ton; volume = 54.2 yd3

> Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up clearly the appropriate conversion factor in each case. a. 8.43 cm to millimeters b. 2.41 * 102 cm to meters c. 294.5 nm to centimeters d. 404.5 m to kilometers e. 1.445 * 104 m to kilo

> Evaluate each of the following, and write the answer to the appropriate number of significant figures. a. (2.9932 * 104)[2.4443 * 102 + 1.0032 * 101] b. [2.34 * 102 + 2.443 * 10-1]/(0.0323) c. (4.38 * 10-3)2 d. (5.9938 * 10-6)1/2

> Evaluate each of the following, and write the answer to the appropriate number of significant figures. a. (0.0432)(2.909)(4.43 * 108) b. (0.8922)/[(0.00932)(4.03 * 102)] c. (3.923 * 102)(2.94)(4.093 * 10-3) d. (4.9211)(0.04434)/[(0.000934)(2.892 * 10

> Evaluate each of the following, and write the answer to the appropriate number of significant figures. a. 149.2 + 0.034 + 2000.34 b. 1.0322 * 103 + 4.34 * 103 c. 4.03 * 10-2 - 2.044 * 10-3 d. 2.094 * 105 - 1.073 * 106

> Write each of the following numbers in standard scientific notation. a. 102.3 * 10-5 b. 32.03 * 10-3 c. 59933 * 102 d. 599.33 * 104 e. 5993.3 * 103 f. 2054 * 10-1 g. 32,000,000 * 10-6 h. 59.933 * 105

> Rewrite each of the following as an “ordinary” decimal number. a. 2.789 * 103 b. 2.789 * 10-3 c. 9.3 * 107 d. 4.289 * 101 e. 9.999 * 104 f. 9.999 * 10-5

> Express each of the following as an “ordinary” decimal number. a. 2.98 * 10-5 b. 4.358 * 109 c. 1.9928 * 10-6 d. 6.02 * 10-3 e. 1.01 * 10-1 f. 7.87 * 10-3 g. 9.87 * 107 h. 3.7899 * 102 i. 1.093 * 10-1 j. 2.9004 * 100 k. 3.9 * 10-4 l. 1.904 *

> Express each of the following numbers in scientific (exponential) notation. a. 529 b. 240,000,000 c. 301,000,000,000,000,000 d. 78,444 e. 0.0003442 f. 0.000000000902 g. 0.043 h. 0.0821

> Which of the following statements is (are) true? a. A 1.00-liter bottle contains more soda than a 1.00-quart bottle. b. A man who is 1.52 m tall is taller than a woman who is 5 ft 3 in. tall. c. A 335-g container of peanut butter is heavier than a con

> A metal ion with a 2+ charge contains 34 neutrons and 27 electrons. Identify the metal ion and determine its mass number.

> Make the following conversions. a. 1.25 in. to feet and to centimeters b. 2.12 qt to gallons and to liters c. 2640 ft to miles and to kilometers d. 1.254 kg lead to its volume in cubic centimeters e. 250. mL ethanol to its mass in grams f. 3.5 in.3

> Express each of the following as an “ordinary” decimal number. a. 3.011 * 1023 e. 4.32002 * 10-4 b. 5.091 * 109 f. 3.001 * 10-2 c. 7.2 * 102 g. 2.9901 * 10-7 d. 1.234 * 105 h. 4.2 * 10-1

> The principal goal of alchemists was to convert cheaper, more common metals into gold. Considering that gold had no particular practical uses (for example, it was too soft to be used for weapons), why do you think early civilizations placed such emphasis

> You want to make a rectangular box that weighs 2.0 pounds and floats on water. The width and height of the box are each 5.0 cm long. Choose the minimum length of the box that will keep it afloat on the water. Assume the density of water is 1.0 g/cm3. Sho

> Iron has a density of 7.87 g/cm3. If 52.4 g of iron is added to 75.0 mL of water in a graduated cylinder, to what volume reading will the water level in the cylinder rise?

> Is it possible for the same two elements to form more than one compound? Is this consistent with Dalton’s atomic theory? Give an example.

> Which subatomic particles contribute most to the atom’s mass? Which subatomic particles determine the atom’s chemical properties?

> List the names, symbols, and atomic numbers of the top four elements in Groups 1, 2, 6, and 7.

> For the masses and volumes indicated, calculate the density in grams per cubic centimeter. a. mass = 452.1 g; volume = 292 cm3 b. mass = 0.14 lb; volume = 125 mL c. mass = 1.01 kg; volume = 1000 cm3 d. mass = 225 mg; volume = 2.51 mL

> Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up the appropriate conversion factor in each case. a. 254.3 g to kilograms b. 2.75 kg to grams c. 2.75 kg to pounds d. 2.75 kg to ounces e. 534.1 g to pounds f. 1.75 lb to grams g. 8.7 o

> Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up the appropriate conversion factor in each case. a. 1.75 mi to kilometers b. 2.63 gal to quarts c. 4.675 calories to joules d. 756.2 mm Hg to atmospheres e. 36.3 atomic mass units to kil

> Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up the appropriate conversion factor in each case. a. 2.23 m to yards b. 46.2 yd to meters c. 292 cm to inches d. 881.2 in. to centimeters e. 1043 km to miles f. 445.5 mi to kilometers g.

> Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up the appropriate conversion factor in each case. a. 12.5 in. to centimeters b. 12.5 cm to inches c. 2513 ft to miles d. 4.53 ft to meters e. 6.52 min to seconds f. 52.3 cm to meters g.

> Oxygen forms molecules in which there are two oxygen atoms, O2. Phosphorus forms molecules in which there are four phosphorus atoms, P4. Does this mean that O2 and P4 are “compounds” because they contain multiple atoms? O2 and P4 react with each other to

> Evaluate each of the following and write the answer to the appropriate number of significant figures. a. (2.0944 + 0.0003233 + 12.22)/(7.001) b. (1.42 * 102 + 1.021 * 103)/(3.1 * 10-1) c. (9.762 * 10-3)/(1.43 * 102 + 4.51 * 101) d. (6.1982 * 10-4)2

> Under ordinary conditions, only a few pure elements occur as liquids. Give an example of a metallic and a nonmetallic element that ordinarily occur as liquids.

> We use chemical reactions in our everyday lives, too, not just in the science laboratory. Give at least five examples of chemical transformations that you use in your daily activities. Indicate what the “chemical” is in each of your examples and how you

> Without actually performing the calculations indicated, tell to how many significant digits the answer to the calculation should be expressed. b. (67.41 + 0.32 + 1.98)/(18.225) c. (2.001 * 10-3)(4.7 * 10-6)(68.224 * 10-2) d. (72.15)(63.9)[1.98 + 4.8981

> Classify each of the following as a physical or chemical change or property. a. Milk curdles if a few drops of lemon juice are added to it. b. Butter turns rancid if it is left exposed at room temperature. c. Salad dressing separates into layers after

> Evaluate each of the following mathematical expressions, and express the answer to the correct number of significant digits. a. (4.771 + 2.3)/3.1 b. 5.02 * 102 + 4.1 * 102 c. 1.091 * 103 + 2.21 * 102 + 1.14 * 101 d. (2.7991 * 10-6)/(4.22 * 106)

> Evaluate each of the following mathematical expressions, and express the answer to the correct number of significant digits. a. 44.2124 + 0.81 + 7.335 b. 9.7789 + 3.3315 - 2.21 c. 0.8891 + 0.225 + 4.14 d. (7.223 + 9.14 + 3.7795)/3.1

> You are asked to determine the perimeter of the cover of your textbook. You measure the length as 34.29 cm and the width as 26.72 cm. How many significant figures should you report for the perimeter?

> Of the following isotopes, which are isotopes of the same element? c. {X d. X 20 а. 10- с. е. b. х 22 10- 12

> In a common laboratory experiment in general chemistry, students are asked to determine the relative amounts of benzoic acid and charcoal in a solid mixture. Benzoic acid is relatively soluble in hot water, but charcoal is not. Devise a method for separa

> Describe how the process of filtration could be used to separate a mixture into its components. Give an example.

> Dalton’s original atomic theory proposed that all atoms of a given element are identical. Did this turn out to be true after further experimentation was carried out? Explain.

> Scientists J. J. Thomson and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) made numerous contributions to our understanding of the atom’s structure. a. Which subatomic particle did J. J. Thomson discover, and what did this lead him to postulate about the nature of the

> Compare and contrast the ease with which molecules are able to move relative to each other in the three states of matter.

> For the pin shown in Fig. 2.5, why is the third figure determined for the length of the pin uncertain? Considering that the third figure is uncertain, explain why the length of the pin is indicated as 2.85 cm rather than, for example, 2.83 or 2.87 cm.

> In lab you report a measured volume of 158.6 mL of water. Using significant figures as a measure of the error, what range of answers does your reported volume imply? Choose the best answer and justify your choice. a. 100–200 mL b. 150–160 mL c. 158–15

> A given compound always contains the same relative masses of its constituent elements. How is this related to the relative numbers of each kind of atom present?

> Correct each of the following misstatements from Dalton’s atomic theory. a. Elements are made of tiny particles called molecules. b. All atoms of a given element are very similar. c. The atoms of a given element may be the same as those of another ele

> Several chemical elements have English names beginning with the letters B, N, P, or S. For each letter, list the English names for two elements whose names begin with that letter, and give the symbols for the elements you choose (the symbols do not neces

> The symbols for most elements are based on the first few letters of the respective element’s common English name. In some cases, however, the symbol seems to have nothing to do with the element’s common name. Give three examples of elements whose symbols

> Do the proton and the neutron have exactly the same mass? How do the masses of the proton and the neutron compare to the mass of the electron? Which particles make the greatest contribution to the mass of an atom? Which particles make the greatest contri

> Consider three 10-g samples of water: one as ice, one as liquid, and one as vapor. How do the volumes of these three samples compare with one another? How is this difference in volume related to the physical state involved?

> Classify each of the following as a physical or chemical change or property. a. A fireplace poker glows red when you heat it in the fire. b. A marshmallow turns black when toasted too long in a campfire. c. Hydrogen peroxide dental strips will make yo

> Classify each of the following as a physical or chemical change or property. a. Oven cleaners contain sodium hydroxide, which converts the grease/oil spatters inside the oven to water-soluble materials, which can be washed away. b. A rubber band stretc

> This section presents several ways our day-to-day lives have been enriched by chemistry. List three materials or processes involving chemistry that you feel have contributed to such an enrichment, and explain your choices.

> You want to cook some raw noodles to make a pasta dish for supper. So, you turn on the gas stovetop (which uses a flame), place a large pot of water over the flame, wait for the water to boil, place the noodles in the boiling water for 11 minutes, and th

> Write each of the following numbers as “ordinary” decimal numbers. a. 6.244 * 103 b. 9.117 * 10-2 c. 8.299 * 101 d. 1.771 * 10-4 e. 5.451 * 102 f. 2.934 * 10-5

> Write each of the following numbers in standard scientific notation. a. 1/0.00032 b. 103/10-3 c. 103/103 d. 1/55,000 e. (105)(104)(10-4)/(10-2) f. 43.2/(4.32 * 10-5) g. (4.32 * 10-5)/432 h. 1/(105)(10-6)

> The “Chemistry in Focus” segment Chemistry: An Important Component of Your Education discusses how studying chemistry can be beneficial not only in your chemistry courses but in your studies in general. What are some characteristics of a good student, an

> Students approaching the study of chemistry must learn certain basic facts (such as the names and symbols of the most common elements), but it is much more important that they learn to think critically and to go beyond the specific examples discussed in

> Why is the ability to solve problems important in the study of chemistry? Why is it that the method used to attack a problem is as important as the answer to the problem itself?

> Although reviewing your lecture notes and reading your textbook are important, why does the study of chemistry depend so much on problem solving? Can you learn to solve problems yourself just by looking at the solved examples in your textbook or study gu

> Discuss several political, social, or personal considerations that might affect a scientist’s evaluation of a theory. Give examples of how such external forces have influenced scientists in the past. Discuss methods by which such bias might be excluded f

> Write each of the following numbers in standard scientific notation. a. 97,820 b. 42.14 * 103 c. 0.08214 * 10-3 d. 0.0003914 e. 927.1 f. 4.781 * 102 * 10-3

> True or false? If a theory is disproven, then all of the observations that support that theory are also disproven. Explain.

> Although your textbook lists the rules for converting an ordinary number to scientific notation, oftentimes students remember such rules better if they put them into their own words. Pretend you are helping your 12-year-old niece with her math homework,

> From the following list, identify whether the change in the account balance during the year would be reported as an operating (O), an investing (I), or a financing (F) activity or not separately reported on the statement of cash flows (N). Assume that th

> Sound Company manufactures and sells high-quality stereos. The most popular line sells for $2,000 each and is accompanied by a three-year warranty to repair, free of charge, any defective unit. Average costs to repair each defective unit will be $180 for

> Trena Thompson invested $2,000 in a financial institution on January 1, 2017. She leaves her investment in the institution until December 31, 2021. How much money does Trena accumulate if she earns interest, compounded annually, at the following rates?

> The Stockholders’ Equity category of Rausch Company’s balance sheet as of December 31, 2017, appeared as follows: Preferred stock, $100 par, 8%, 2,000 shares issued and outstanding ……….. $ 200,000 Common stock, $10 par, 40,000 shares issued and outstand

> For each of the following transactions, indicate whether they would be reported in the Investing Activities section of the statement of cash flows (I) or the Financing Activities section (F). Put an S in the blank if the transaction does not affect cash

> Carnival Corporation & plc is one of the largest cruise companies in the world with such well-known brands as Carnival Cruise Lines, Holland America Line, and Princess Cruises. Classify each of the following items found on the companyâ€&#1

> Metropolis Industries invested its excess cash in the following instruments during December 2017: Certificate of deposit, due January 31, 2018 …………………………………………. $ 35,000 Certificate of deposit, due June 30, 2018 ……………………………………………….. 95,000 Investment in