Some forms of cancer can be treated using proton therapy in which proton beams are accelerated to high energies, then directed to collide into a tumor, killing the malignant cells. Suppose a proton accelerator is 4.0 m long and must accelerate protons from rest to a speed of 1.0 × 107 m/s. Ignore any relativistic effects (Chapter 26) and determine the magnitude of the average electric field that could accelerate these protons.
> The figure shows PV diagrams for five systems as they undergo various thermodynamic processes. Rank them in order of the work done on the system, from greatest to least. Rank positive work higher than negative work.
> A contractor uses a paddle stirrer to mix a can of paint. The paddle turns at 28.0 rad/s and exerts a torque of 16.0 N·m on the paint, doing work on the paint at a rate power = τω = 16.0 N·m ×
> On a cold winter day, the outside temperature is −15.0°C. Inside the house the temperature is +20.0°C. Heat flows out of the house through a window at a rate of 220.0 W. At what rate is the entropy of the universe changing due to this heat conduction thr
> A train, traveling at a constant speed of 22 m/s, comes to an incline with a constant slope. While going up the incline, the train slows down with a constant acceleration of magnitude 1.4 m/s2. (a) Draw a graph of vx versus t where the x-axis points up
> A brick of mass 1.0 kg slides down an icy roof inclined at 30.0° with respect to the horizontal. (a) If the brick starts from rest, how fast is it moving when it reaches the edge of the roof 2.00 m away? Ignore friction. (b) Redo part (a) if the coeffi
> Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a medical imaging technique in which a low ac current is passed through part of the body. The impedance between the electrodes provides a measure of body composition. Consider a simplified model in which the body
> Two wooden crates with masses as shown are tied together by a horizontal cord. Another cord is tied to the first crate, and it is pulled with a force of 195 N at an angle of 20°, as shown. Each crate has a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.
> What is the change in entropy of 10 g of steam at 100°C as it condenses to liquid water at 100°C?
> A pot containing 2.00 kg of water is sitting on a hot stove, and the water is stirred violently by a mixer that does 6.0 kJ of mechanical work on the water. The temperature of the water rises by 4.00°C. What quantity of heat flowed into the water from th
> How much does the internal energy change for 1.00 m3 of water after it has fallen from the top of a waterfall and landed in the river 11.0 m below? Assume no heat flow from the water to the air.
> Verify the units in Eq. (15-5)—that is, show that the SI unit of pressure times volume is equal to the SI unit of work.
> About 5.0 × 104 m above Earth's surface, the atmosphere is sufficiently ionized that it behaves as a conductor. Earth and the ionosphere form a giant spherical capacitor, with the lower atmosphere acting as a leaky dielectric. (a) Find the capacitance C
> A heat engine takes in 125 kJ of heat from a reservoir at 815 K and exhausts 82 kJ to a reservoir at 293 K. (a) What is the efficiency of the engine? (b) What is the efficiency of an ideal engine operating between the same two reservoirs?
> Neutron diffraction by a crystal can be used to make a velocity selector for neutrons. Suppose the spacing between the relevant planes in the crystal is d = 0.20 nm. A beam of neutrons is incident making an angle θ = 10.0° with respect to the planes. The
> An ideal engine has an efficiency of 0.725 and uses gas from a hot reservoir at a temperature of 622 K. What is the temperature of the cold reservoir to which it exhausts heat?
> A 2.0 kg block is released from rest and allowed to slide down a frictionless surface and into a spring. The far end of the spring is attached to a wall, as shown. The initial height of the block is 0.50 m above the lowest part of the slide and the sprin
> A star near the visible edge of a galaxy travels in a uniform circular orbit. It is 40 000 ly (light-years) from the galactic center and has a speed of 275 km/s. (a) Estimate the total mass of the galaxy based on the motion of the star. [Hint: For this
> A steam engine has a piston with a diameter of 15.0 cm and a stroke (the displacement of the piston) of 20.0 cm. The average pressure applied to this piston is 1.3 × 105 Pa. What operating frequency in cycles per second (Hz) would yield an average power
> An air conditioner whose coefficient of performance is 2.00 removes 1.73 × 108 J of heat from a room per day. How much does it cost to run the air conditioning unit per day if electricity costs $0.10 per kilowatt-hour? (Note that 1 kilowatt-hour = 3.6 ×
> A house with its own well has a pump in the basement with an output pipe of inner radius 6.3 mm. The pump can maintain a gauge pressure of 410 kPa in the output pipe. A showerhead on the second floor (6.7 m above the pump’s output pipe) has 36 holes, eac
> Emil is tossing an orange of mass 0.30 kg into the air. (a) Emil throws the orange straight up and then catches it, throwing and catching it at the same point in space. What is the change in the potential energy of the orange during its trajectory? Igno
> How much heat does a heat pump with a coefficient of performance of 3.0 deliver when supplied with 1.00 kJ of electricity?
> An engine releases 0.450 kJ of heat for every 0.100 kJ of work it does. What is the efficiency of the engine?
> The intensity (power per unit area) of the sunlight incident on Earth's surface, averaged over a 24 h period, is about 0.20 kW/m2. If a solar power plant is to be built with an output capacity of 1.0 × 109 W, how big must the area of the solar energy col
> The United States generates about 5.0 × 1016 J of electric energy a day. This energy is equivalent to work, since it can be converted into work with almost 100% efficiency by an electric motor. (a) If this energy is generated by power plants with an ave
> A heat pump delivers heat at a rate of 7.81 kW for 10.0 h. If its coefficient of performance is 6.85, how much heat is taken from the cold reservoir during that time?
> What is the efficiency of an electric generator that produces 1.17 kW·h per kilogram of coal burned? The heat of combustion of coal is 6.71 × 106 J/kg.
> Using the stress-strain graph for bone (Fig. 10.4c), calculate Young’s moduli for tension and for compression. Consider only small stresses.
> A surgeon is attempting to correct a detached retina by using a pulsed laser. (a) If the pulses last for 20.0 ms and if the output power of the laser is 0.500 W, how much energy is in each pulse? (b) If the wavelength of the laser light is 643 nm, how
> An object located at the origin and having mass M explodes into three pieces having masses M/4, M/3, and 5M/12. The pieces scatter on a horizontal frictionless xy-plane. The piece with mass M/4 flies away with velocity 5.0 m/s at 37° above the x-axis. Th
> Repeat Problem 51(a), this time assuming the electron is ultra- relativistic (E ≈ pc). Is the assumption justified?
> A heat engine follows the cycle shown in the figure. (a) How much net work is done by the engine in one cycle? (b) What is the net heat flow into the engine per cycle?
> If an electron moves from one point at a potential of −100.0 V to another point at a potential of +100.0 V, how much work is done by the electric field?
> (a) Which might describe a heat engine? (b) Which might describe a heat pump? (c) Which might describe a refrigerator? Explain.
> An airline executive decides to economize by reducing the amount of fuel required for long-distance flights. He orders the ground crew to remove the paint from the outer surface of each plane. The paint removed from a single plane has a mass of approxima
> Rank the processes in order of the net work done by the system per cycle, from greatest to least. Rank positive work done by the system (as in an engine) higher than negative work done by the system (as in a heat pump).
> Suppose 1.00 mol of oxygen is heated at constant pressure of 1.00 atm from 10.0°C to 25.0°C. (a) How much heat is absorbed by the gas? (b) Using the ideal gas law, calculate the change of volume of the gas in this process. (c) What is the work done by
> An ideal gas is in contact with a heat reservoir so that it remains at a constant temperature of 300.0 K. The gas is compressed from a volume of 24.0 L to a volume of 14.0 L. During the process, the mechanical device pushing the piston to compress the ga
> A transverse wave on a string is described by where A = 0.40 mm, ω = 39.27 rad/s, and k = 6.0 rad/m. Draw a motion diagram for the point x = 0 for the times t = 0, 0.010 s, 0, 0.020 s, 0.030 s, and 0.040 s.
> If the pressure on a fish increases from 1.1 atm to 1.2 atm, its swim bladder decreases in volume from 8.16 mL to 7.48 mL while the temperature of the air inside remains constant. How much work is done on the air in the bladder?
> On a graph of ax versus time, what quantity does the area under the graph represent?
> An ideal gas is heated at a constant pressure of 2.0 × 105 Pa from a temperature of −73°C to a temperature of +27°C. The initial volume of the gas is 0.10 m3. The heat energy supplied to the gas in this process is 25 kJ. What is the increase in internal
> A balloon contains 200.0 L of nitrogen gas at 20.0°C and at atmospheric pressure. How much energy must be added to raise the temperature of the nitrogen to 40.0°C while allowing the balloon to expand at atmospheric pressure?
> In a refrigerator, 2.00 mol of an ideal monatomic gas are taken through the cycle shown in the figure. The temperature at point A is 800.0 K. (a) What are the temperature and pressure at point D? (b) What is the net work done on the gas as it is taken
> The three processes shown with Multiple Choice Question 8 involve a diatomic ideal gas. Rank them in order of the change in internal energy, from greatest to smallest.
> (a) Find the equivalent resistance between points A and B for the combination of resistors shown. (b) An 18 V emf is connected to the terminals A and B. What is the current through the 1.0 Ω resistor connected directly to point A? (
> The beam emerging from a ruby laser passes through a circular aperture 5.0 mm in diameter. (a) If the spread of the beam is limited only by diffraction, what is the angular spread of the beam? (b) If the beam is aimed at the Moon, how large a spot would
> Copper and aluminum are being considered for the cables in a high- voltage transmission line where each must carry a current of 50 A. The resistance of each cable is to be 0.15 Ω per kilometer. (a) If this line carries power from Niagara Falls to New Yo
> Brad tries out a weight-loss plan that involves repeatedly lifting a 50.0 kg barbell from the floor over his head to a height of 2.0 m. If he is able to complete three such lifts per minute, how long will it take for him to lose 0.50 kg of fat? “Burning”
> Find the work done by gravity on the sliding crate.
> An ideal monatomic gas is taken through the cycle in the PV diagram. (a) If there are 0.0200 mol of this gas, what are the temperature and pressure at point C? (b) What is the change in internal energy of the gas as it is taken from A to B? (c) How muc
> On a graph of vx versus time, what quantity does the slope of the graph represent?
> On a cold day, Ming rubs her hands together to warm them up. She presses her hands together with a force of 5.0 N. Each time she rubs them back and forth, they move a distance of 16 cm with a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.45. Assuming no heat flow
> During basketball practice Shane made a jump shot, releasing a 0.60 kg basketball from his hands at a height of 2.0 m above the floor with a speed of 7.6 m/s. The ball swooshes through the net at a height of 3.0 m above the floor and with a speed of 4.5
> A 64 kg sky diver jumped out of an airplane at an altitude of 0.90 km. She opened her parachute after a while and eventually landed on the ground with a speed of 5.8 m/s. How much energy was dissipated by air resistance during the jump?
> A child of mass 15 kg climbs to the top of a slide that is 1.7 m above a horizontal run that extends for 0.50 m at the base of the slide. After sliding down, the child comes to rest just before reaching the very end of the horizontal portion of the slide
> In a physics lab, a student accidentally drops a 25.0 g brass washer into an open dewar of liquid nitrogen at 77.2 K. How much liquid nitrogen boils away as the washer cools from 293 K to 77.2 K? The latent heat of vaporization for nitrogen is 199.1 kJ/k
> Charges of −12.0 nC and −22.0 nC are separated by 0.700 m. What is the potential midway between the two charges?
> What is the maximum possible torque on the molecule due to the electric field?
> In an RLC series circuit, these three elements are connected in series: a resistor of 60.0 Ω, a 40.0 mH inductor, and a 0.0500 F capacitor. The series elements are connected across the terminals of an ac oscillator with an rms voltage of 10.0 V. Find the
> In an emergency, it is sometimes the practice of medical professionals to immerse a patient who suffers from heat stroke in an ice bath, a mixture of ice and water in equilibrium at 0°C, in order to reduce her body temperature. (a) If a 75 kg patient wh
> As heat flows into a substance, its temperature changes according to the graph in the diagram. For which sections of the graph is the substance undergoing a phase change? For the sections you identified, what kind of phase change is occurring?
> A chamber with a fixed volume of 1.0 m3 contains a monatomic gas at 3.00 × 102 K. The chamber is heated to a temperature of 4.00 × 102 K. This operation requires 10.0 J of heat. (Assume all the energy is transferred to the gas.) How many gas molecules ar
> A 200.0 µF capacitor is placed across a 12.0 V battery. When a switch is thrown, the battery is removed from the capacitor and the capacitor is connected across a heater that is immersed in 1.00 cm3 of water. Assuming that all the energy from the capacit
> What is the de Broglie wavelength of an electron with kinetic energy 7.0 TeV?
> (a) What would the net charges on the Sun and Earth have to be if the electric force instead of the gravitational force were responsible for keeping Earth in its orbit? There are many possible answers, so restrict yourself to the case where the magnitude
> Jill takes in 0.021 mol of air in a single breath. The air is taken in at 20°C and exhaled at 35°C. (a) How much heat leaves her body in a single breath due to the temperature increase of the air? Ignore the humidification of the air in the lungs and tre
> Consider two falling objects. Their masses are 3.0 kg and 4.0 kg. At time t = 0, the two are released from rest. What is the velocity of their CM at t = 10.0 s? Ignore air resistance.
> A muon decay is described by . What is the maximum kinetic energy of the electron, if the muon was at rest? Assume that the electron is extremely relativistic and ignore the small masses of the neutrinos.
> Imagine that 501 people are present in a movie theater of volume 8.00 × 103 m3 that is sealed shut so no air can escape. Each person gives off heat at an average rate of 110 W. By how much will the temperature of the air have increased during a 2.0 h mov
> A Foucault pendulum has an object with a mass of 15.0 kg hung by a thin 14.0 m wire. (a) What is the oscillation frequency of this pendulum? (b) If the pendulum has a maximum oscillation angle of 6.10°, what is the maximum speed of this pendulum? (c)
> A heating coil inside an electric kettle delivers 2.1 kW of electric power to the water in the kettle. How long will it take to raise the temperature of 0.50 kg of water from 20.0°C to 100.0°C?
> A 24 V emf is connected to terminals A and B in the following circuit. Find the current in each of the resistors.
> A 7.30 kg steel ball at 15.2°C is dropped from a height of 10.0 m into an insulated container with 4.50 L of water at 10.1°C. If no water splashes, what is the final temperature of the water and steel?
> A bit of space debris penetrates the hull of a spaceship traversing the asteroid belt and comes to rest in a container of water that was at 20.0°C before being hit. The mass of the debris is 1.0 g and the mass of the water is 1.0 kg. If the space rock tr
> Why do we not notice the effects of 1014 neutrinos passing through our bodies every second?
> A thermometer containing 0.10 g of mercury is cooled from 15.0°C to 8.5°C. How much energy left the mercury in this process?
> It is a damp, chilly day in a New England seacoast town suffering from a power failure. To warm up the cold, clammy sheets, Jen decides to fill hot water bottles to tuck between the sheets at the foot of the beds. If she wishes to heat 2.0 L of water on
> An experiment is conducted with a Joule apparatus (see Fig. 14.2). The hanging objects descend through a distance of 1.25 m each time. After 30 descents, a total of 1.00 kJ has been delivered to the water. What is the total mass of the hanging objects?
> Rank the points in order of mechanical energy, from greatest to least, taking friction and air resistance into consideration.
> A scanning electron microscope is used to look at cell structure with 10 nm resolution. A beam of electrons from a hot filament is accelerated with a voltage of 12 kV and then focused to a small spot on the specimen. (a) What is the wavelength in nanome
> A series RLC circuit has R = 500.0 Ω, L = 35.0 mH, and C = 87.0 pF. What is the impedance of the circuit at resonance? Explain.
> The water passing over Victoria Falls, located along the Zambezi River on the border of Zimbabwe and Zambia, drops about 105 m. How much internal energy is produced per kilogram as a result of the fall?
> A mass of 1.00 kg of water at temperature T is poured from a height of 0.100 km into a vessel containing water of the same temperature T, and a temperature change of 0.100°C is measured. What mass of water was in the vessel? Ignore heat flow into the ves
> It takes 880 J to raise the temperature of 350 g of lead from 0°C to 20.0°C. What is the specific heat of lead?
> What is the period of oscillation for small amplitudes?
> (a) Given two identical, ideal batteries (/ ) and two identical incandescent lightbulbs (resistance = R assumed constant), design a circuit to make both bulbs glow as brightly as possible. (b) What is the power dissipated by each bulb? (c) Design a c
> Describe the use of “color” as a quantum number for the quarks.
> What is the heat capacity of a system consisting of (a) a 0.450 kg brass cup filled with 0.050 kg of water? (b) 7.5 kg of water in a 0.75 kg aluminum bucket?
> Rank these six situations in order of the temperature increase, largest to smallest. (a) 1 kJ of heat into 400 g of steel with c = 0.45 kJ/(kg·K) (b) 2 kJ of heat into 400 g of steel (c) 2 kJ of heat into 800 g of steel (d) 1 kJ of heat into 400 g of alu
> If 125.6 kJ of heat are supplied to 5.00 × 102 g of water at 22°C, what is the final temperature of the water?
> Convert 1.00 kJ to kilowatt-hours (kWh).
> Show that 1 kilowatt-hour (kW·h) is equal to 3.6 MJ.
> In a tornado or hurricane, a roof may tear away from the house because of a difference in pressure between the air inside and the air outside. Suppose that air is blowing across the top of a 2000 ft2 roof at 150 mi/h. What is the magnitude of the force o
> A nozzle of inner radius 1.00 mm is connected to a hose of inner radius 8.00 mm. The nozzle shoots out water moving at 25.0 m/s. (a) At what speed is the water in the hose moving? (b) What is the volume flow rate? (c) What is the mass flow rate?
> A meson with charge −e composed of up and/or down quarks and/or antiquarks.
> An object of mass 2.0 kg (the “projectile”) approaches a stationary object (the “target”) at 8.0 m/s. The projectile is deflected through an angle of 90.0° and its speed after the collision is 6.0 m/s. What is the speed of the target after the collision
> If the average volume flow of blood through the aorta is 8.5 × 10−5 m3/s and the cross-sectional area of the aorta is 3.0 × 10−4 m2, what is the average speed of blood in the aorta?
> A 0.15 kg baseball is pitched with a speed of 35 m/s (78 mi/h). When the ball hits the catcher's glove, the glove moves back by 5.0 cm (2 in.) as it stops the ball. (a) What was the change in momentum of the baseball? (b) What impulse was applied to th
> A garden hose of inner radius 1.0 cm carries water at 2.0 m/s. The nozzle at the end has inner radius 0.20 cm. How fast does the water move through the nozzle?
