Question: What is the oxidation state of sulfur

> Draw the structure of the monomer and the basic repeating unit for each of the following polymeric substances. a. polyethylene b. polyvinyl chloride c. Teflon d. polypropylene e. polystyrene

> Draw a structural formula for each of the following. a. 3-methylbutanoic acid b. 2-chlorobenzoic acid c. hexanoic acid d. acetic acid

> Draw the structural formula for each of the following straightchain alkanes. a. pentane b. undecane (11 carbon atoms) c. nonane d. heptane

> How are carboxylic acids synthesized? Give an example of an organic acid and the molecule from which it is synthesized. What type of reaction is this?

> An ester is similar to a carboxylic acid like a. a primary alcohol is similar to a secondary alcohol. b. an amine is similar to a ketone. c. an ether is similar to an aldehyde. d. an aromatic ring is similar to a polymer. e. a ketone is similar to a

> Assign oxidation states to all of the atoms in each of the following. a. CuCl2 b. KClO3 c. KClO4 d. Na2CO3

> Draw a structural formula for each of the following alcohols. Indicate whether the alcohol is primary, secondary, or tertiary. a. 2-propanol b. 2-methyl-2-propanol c. 4-isopropyl-2-heptanol d. 2,3-dichloro-1-pentanol

> On the basis of the functional groups listed in Table 20.5, identify the family of organic compounds to which each of the following belongs. a. CH2-CH,-C=0 OH b. CH,—CH, — Сн, —ҫ-о CH,-CH,-C=0 0-CH2-CH,- d. OH -CH2-CH,

> Name each of the following aromatic or substituted aromatic compounds. a. с. -CH; - NO, -CH3 b. Br Br d. Br

> Draw structural formulas showing all the isomers of the straight-chain alkyne with eight carbon atoms. Name each isomer.

> Write the formula for the missing reactant or product in each of the following chemical equations. a. CH4(g) + Cl2(g) + HCl(g) b. CH3CH2CH3(g) CH3CH=CH2(g) + c. CHCl3(l) + Cl2(g) CCl4(l) +

> Draw a structural formula for each of the following compounds. a. 2,2-dimethylhexane b. 2,3-dimethylhexane c. 3,3-dimethylhexane d. 3,4-dimethylhexane e. 2,4-dimethylhexane

> Give the systematic name for each of the following alkanes. CH, a. CH,-CH-CH–CH, ČH, b. CH,-CH, CH,-CH, CH,-CH, `CH,-CH, с. СH, CH, CH-C-CH,-CH,-CH, CH, ČH, d. CH,-CH-CH-CH-CH-CH-CH, CH, CH, CH, сн, сH,

> Give the name of each of the following straight-chain alkanes. a. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 b. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 c. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 d. CH=-CH2-CH2-CH3

> Draw structural formulas for all isomeric alkanes having the general formula C7H16.

> Draw a structural formula for each of the following aromatic compounds. a. 1,2-dichlorobenzene b. 1,3-dimethylbenzene c. 3-nitrophenol d. p-dibromobenzene e. 4-nitrotoluene

> Consider the three isotopes of magnesium discussed in Exercise 17. Given that the relative natural abundances of these isotopes are 79%, 10%, and 11%, respectively, without looking at the inside cover of this book, what is the approximate atomic molar ma

> Complete the following table with the name or structure as needed.

> Alpha amino acids are organic acid molecules that also happen to contain an amino group (-NH2) on the second carbon atom of the acid’s chain. Proteins are condensation polymers of such alpha amino acids. The reaction by which the long c

> Salicylic acid is an interesting molecule; it is both an acid and an alcohol, having a hydroxyl group attached to the aromatic ring (phenol). For this reason, salicylic acid can undergo two different esterification reactions depending on which functional

> Write a structural formula for each of the following compounds. a. methyl pentyl ketone b. 3-methylpentanal c. 2-methyl-1-pentanol d. 1,2,3-propanetriol e. 2-methyl-3-hexanone

> Draw a structure corresponding to each of the following names. a. 2-methylpentanal b. 3-hydroxybutanoic acid c. 2-aminopropanal d. 2,4-hexanedione e. 3-methylbenzaldehyde

> On the basis of the functional groups listed in Table 20.5, which of the following organic functional groups does not contain any oxygen atoms? a. halohydrocarbons b. ethers c. esters d. aldehydes e. amines From Table 20.5: Class Functional Gro

> The alcohol glycerol (glycerine), which is produced in the human body by the digestion of fats, has the following structure. Give the systematic name of glycerol. CH,-CH-CH, -CH- OH он ОН

> How many of the following alcohols are secondary alcohols? a. ethanol b. isopropyl alcohol c. tert-butyl alcohol d. methanol

> Without drawing a structural formula, tell how many hydrogen atoms would be present in the straight-chain alkanes with the following numbers of carbon atoms. a. 4 b. 6 c. 17 d. 20

> Draw the structural formula(s) for, and give the name(s) of, the organic product(s) of each of the following reactions. If a mixture of several, similar products is expected, indicate the type of product expected. Light a. CH;-CH; + Cl, Pt b. CH,-CH=

> What is the oxidation state of chlorine in each of the following substances? a. ClF b. Cl2 c. HCl d. HClO

> Write a structural formula for each of the following compounds. a. 2,3-dimethylheptane b. 2,2-dimethyl-3-chloro-1-octanol c. 2-chloro-1-hexene d. 1-chloro-2-hexene e. 2-methylphenol

> Give some examples of molecules containing “fused” benzene rings.

> Give the systematic name for each of the following unsaturated hydrocarbons and substituted unsaturated compounds. а. CH,— CH3CH-CH, b. CH;-CH-CH=CH, ČH, c. CH=C-CH,–CH, d. CH,=CH-CH–CH, CI

> How many of the following organic functional groups must contain two oxygen atoms? a. alcohols b. esters c. carboxylic acids d. ketones e. aldehydes

> What does it mean to say that a hydrocarbon is saturated? To how many other atoms is each carbon atom in a saturated hydrocarbon bonded? What name is given to the family of saturated hydrocarbons?

> Show (by drawing structures) how the members of a series of alkanes differ from the previous or following member of the series by a -CH2- unit.

> For each of the following straight-chain alkanes, draw the structural formula. a. ethane b. butane c. hexane

> The typically sweet-smelling compounds called result from the condensation reaction of an organic acid with a(n) .

> Which of the following is not an organic molecule? a. methanol b. acetone c. acetic acid d. magnesium sulfate e. All of the above are organic molecules.

> What is the “general” formula for an alkane? Show how this general formula can be used to determine the number of hydrogens that would be present for an alkane with 20 carbon atoms.

> What is a positron? What are the mass number and charge of a positron? How do the mass number and atomic number of a nucleus change when the nucleus produces a positron?

> Aldehydes and ketones can be prepared by of the corresponding alcohol.

> Both aldehydes and ketones contain the group, but they differ in where this group occurs along the hydrocarbon chain.

> Ethanol is commonly prepared by the of certain sugars by yeast.

> The simplest alcohol, methanol, is prepared industrially by the hydrogenation of .

> A(n) alcohol is one in which there is only one hydrocarbon group attached to the carbon atom holding the hydroxyl group.

> An atom or group of atoms that imparts new and characteristic properties to an organic molecule is called a(n) group.

> Benzene is the parent member of the group of hydrocarbons called hydrocarbons.

> Unsaturated fats may be converted to saturated fats by the process of .

> Alkenes and alkynes are characterized by their ability to undergo rapid, complete reactions, by which other atoms attach themselves to the carbon atoms of the double or triple bond.

> With very reactive agents, such as the halogen elements, alkanes undergo reactions, whereby a new atom replaces one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkane.

> The chains in normal alkanes are not really straight but zigzag because the bond angles around the carbon atoms are .

> What makes carbon able to form so many different compounds?

> Rank these organic compounds in terms of increasing water solubility (from least water soluble to most water soluble). CH;CH;CH2COH CH3 b. CH;CH2CH=¢ ČH3 CH;CH2CH¿CH3 c.

> Esterification reactions are carried out in the presence of a strong acid such as H2SO4. A carboxylic acid is warmed with an alcohol, and an ester and water are formed. You may have made a fruity-smelling ester in the lab when studying organic functional

> Name each of the following organic compounds.

> Name each of the following alkenes and alkynes. CH3 a. CH3CH2-C==CH2 CH3 CH3 b. CH2=ċ-CH2-ċ=CH2 CH3 c. CH3CH2CH-CH=CH-CH2CH CH2CH3 CH3 d. CH;CH,CH,CH;CH-C=CH Br CH3 CH3 e. CH3-Ċ-C=C-CH ČH;CH2 CH3 CI CH,CH3 f. HC=C-CH-CH CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH3

> Name each of the following alkanes. Br a. CH3-Č-CH–CH2-CH3 Br CH3 CH3 CH2-CH3 b. CH3-CH-CH–CH ČH;-CH3 с. F CH3-CH-CH2-ĊH–CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 ČH3

> The decay series from uranium-238 to lead-206 is indicated in Fig. 19.1. For each step of the process indicated in the figure, specify what type of particle is produced by the particular nucleus involved at that point in the series. From figure 19.1:

> A certain nuclide has a half-life of 45 years. After 225 years, 4.00 g remains. What was the original mass of the nuclide sample?

> A self-sustaining nuclear process, in which the bombarding particles needed to produce the fission of further material are themselves produced as the product of the initial fission, is called a reaction.

> Assign oxidation states to all of the atoms in each of the following. a. NBr3 b. SeF6 c. PBr5 d. CH4

> Combining two small nuclei to form a larger nucleus is referred to as the process of nuclear .

> The radioactive nuclide that has been used in determining the age of historical wooden artifacts is .

> The time required for half of an original sample of a radioactive nuclide to decay is referred to as the of the nuclide.

> A counter contains argon gas, which is ionized by radiation, making possible the measurement of radioactive decay rates.

> The elements with atomic numbers of 93 or greater are referred to as the elements.

> Machines that increase the speed of species used for nuclear bombardment processes are called .

> When a nucleus undergoes ______, the mass number of the nucleus decreases by four units.

> When a nuclide produces a beta particle, the atomic number of the resulting new nuclide is one unit than that of the original nuclide.

> When a nuclide decomposes through a series of steps before reaching stability, the nuclide is said to have gone through a series.

> In addition to particles, many radioactive nuclei also produce high-energy rays when they decay.

> Assign oxidation states to all of the atoms in each of the following. a. CBr4 b. HClO4 c. K3PO4 d. N2O

> The net effect of the production of a beta particle is to convert a to a .

> Production of a helium nucleus from a heavy atom is referred to as decay.

> In a nuclear equation, both the mass number and the ______ number must be conserved.

> A(n) , when it is produced by a nucleus at high speed, is more commonly called a beta particle.

> A nucleus that spontaneously decomposes is said to be .

> Write the nuclear symbol for an alpha particle.

> The number of protons contained in a given nucleus is called the .

> Describe the relative penetrating powers of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation.

> The sun radiates vast quantities of energy as a consequence of the nuclear fusion reaction of to form nuclei.

> What are some reasons why no practical fusion reactor has yet been developed?

> What must be the sum of the oxidation states of all the atoms in a polyatomic ion? For example, the sum of all the oxidation states of all the atoms in PO43- is .

> What is the nuclear fusion of small nuclei? How does the energy released by fusion compare in magnitude with that released by fission?

> A(n) is a self-sustaining fission process caused by the production of neutrons that proceed to split other nuclei.

> Write an equation for the fission of 92 235

> How do the energies released by nuclear processes compare in magnitude with the energies of ordinary chemical processes?

> The “Chemistry in Focus” segment PET, the Brain’s Best Friend discusses the use of radiotracers to monitor the functioning of organs or to trace the path and final destination of a drug. The isotope 18F is cited as a possible radiotracer and has a half-l

> Cobalt-62 ( 27 62

> Nitrogen-13 7 13

> A list of several important radionuclides is given in Table 19.4. Which is the “hottest”? Which is the most stable to decay? From table 19.4: Half-life Area of the Body Studied Nucdlide 8.1 days thyroid 131 45.1 d

> An instrument that measures the rate of radioactive decay by registering the ions and electrons produced as a radioactive particle passes through a gas-filled chamber is called a(n) . An instrument that measures radioactive decay by sensin

> Which of the following nuclear equations is(are) correct? a. 4 7

> The sum of all the oxidation states of all the atoms in H3PO4 is .

> Each of the following nuclides is known to undergo radioactive decay by production of an alpha particle, /. Write a balanced nuclear equation for each process. a. / b. / c. /

> The most common reaction used in breeder reactors involves the bombardment of uranium-238 with neutrons: 238U is converted by this bombardment to 239U. The uranium-239 then undergoes two beta decays, first to 239Np, and then to 239Pu, which is a fissiona

> Which of the following statement(s) is(are) true? a. A radioactive nuclide that decays from 1.00 * 1010 atoms to 2.5 * 109 atoms in 10 minutes has a half-life of 5.0 minutes. b. Nuclides with large Z values are observed to be a-particle producers. c.

> A certain radioactive nuclide has a half-life of 80.9 years. How long does it take for 87.5% of a sample of this substance to decay?

> Assign the oxidation state for the element listed in each of the following compounds: Oxidation State S in M9SO, Pb in PBSO, O in O2 Ag in Ag Cu in CuCl2

> The “Chemistry in Focus” segment Yellow Jeans? discusses the oxidation–reduction reaction required to turn the dye used in denim jeans from yellow to blue. The reaction is from leucoindigo to indigo. The reaction can be expressed as Na2C16N2H10O2

> How have 53 131