What is the present value of $1,000 to be received 2 years from now, if the discount rate is (a) 10%, (b) 14%, and (c) 20%? Do the calculations first using the present value factors given in Appendix C, Table 1, then using the formula that appears at the bottom of Appendix C, Table 1 to generate present value factors.
> What are the types of sales variances?
> List important measures in assessing marketing effectiveness.
> Which of the following statements is true? a. The lower the partial productivity ratio, the greater the productivity. b. Productivity improves when partial productivity increases. c. Prices of inputs are incorporated in the partial operational product
> “A productivity measure such as machine-hour productivity is more important in a JIT environment than in a non-JIT environment.” Do you agree, and why or why not?
> What is productivity? What does it measure?
> Create an Excel spreadsheet for Brief Exercise 12-20 and demonstrate that the PV of the depreciation deductions, when the income tax rate is 40%, is $3,218 (rounded to the nearest dollar). Given an after-tax discount rate of 12%, what tax rate (rounded t
> Why do some firms choose to use a two-variance analysis instead of a three-variance or a four-variance analysis of the total overhead cost variance for the period?
> What are the justifications for using practical capacity as the denominator volume when calculating the fixed overhead application rate?
> Would the choice of denominator level affect the amount of the fixed factory overhead budget variance? Fixed overhead production volume variance? Explain.
> List causes that could lead to a fixed overhead production volume variance.
> List causes that could lead to a fixed overhead spending variance.
> List causes that could lead to a variable overhead efficiency variance.
> List causes that could lead to a variable overhead spending variance.
> What is the difference between the applied variable overhead cost and the total variable overhead cost in the flexible budget? What is the difference between the applied factory overhead cost and the total flexible budget cost for fixed overhead?
> “The direction of a variance (favorable or unfavorable) is irrelevant in decisions regarding whether or not to investigate the variance.” Do you agree? Why or why not?
> What factors should be considered in determining whether to investigate a variance?
> MicroTech Corporation is subject to a 35% income tax rate. Given the following information about the firm’s capital structure, calculate the corporation’s weighted-average cost of capital (WACC), rounded to 1 decimal p
> What provisions of U.S. GAAP (viz., FASB ASC 330-10-30, previously SFAS No. 151—available at www.fasb.org) pertain to the issue of end-of-period disposition of overhead cost variances? Be specific.
> Explain two available treatments for disposing of overhead cost variances at the end of a period.
> “As long as the total actual factory overhead cost is not significantly different from the total standard applied factory overhead cost for the period, there is no need to conduct further analyses of the factory overhead variance.” Do you agree? Why or w
> Discuss behavioral concerns in establishing and implementing a standard cost system.
> Which of the following should a firm use as the standard in assessing production efficiencies: standards based on ideal performance, standards based on attainable performance, or standards based on the average of recent historical performance?
> Will overtime premiums affect direct labor variances? If so, which ones?
> Explain some of the possible causes of direct labor rate and direct labor efficiency variances. Who normally has responsibility for or influence over each of these variances?
> Explain the possible causes for direct materials price and direct materials usage (efficiency) variances. Who in the organization normally has influence over or responsibility for each of these variances?
> Should the performance of a division be deemed less than satisfactory if all of its variances are “unfavorable”? Explain.
> Explain what is meant by the term management by exception(see, for example, www.myaccountingcourse. com/accounting-dictionary/management-by-exception). What is the relationship between the process of standard cost variance analysis and management by exce
> Given the following attributes of an investment project with a 5-year life and an after-tax discount rate of 12%, calculate both the IRR and MIRR of the project using the built-in functions in Excel: investment outlay, time 0, $5,000; after-tax cash infl
> Explain how standard costs and flexible budgets can be used for short-term profit analysis—that is, for financial control purposes.
> One of the purported benefits of moving to a JIT system is improvements in customer response time (CRT). Define the following terms: total customer response time, manufacturing (production) cycle time, manufacturing cycle efficiency (MCE), value-added ti
> Describe how a just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing system is fundamentally different from a conventional manufacturing system. List two primary financial benefits associated with a shift to JIT manufacturing. What effect does the adoption of JIT have on the
> This chapter deals with control systems associated with business processes, such as operating processes. Provide a definition and some examples of operating processes. In what other processes would an organization engage in the normal course of business?
> What is the difference among a master budget, pro forma budgets, and a flexible budget? Explain.
> Name the five steps of the theory of constraints and explain the purpose of each. Which is the most important step and why?
> What is life-cycle costing? Why is it used?
> For what types of firms is target costing most appropriate and why?
> What does the concept of value engineering mean? How is it used in target costing?
> Do cost management practices change over the product’s sales life cycle? Explain how.
> What is the present value of a stream of 5 end-of-year annual cash receipts of $500 given a discount rate of 14%? (a) Use the appropriate table in the text (i.e., Appendix C, Table 2) and (b) the appropriate function in Excel (= PV) to answer this ques
> Do pricing strategies change over the different phases of the sales life cycle? Explain how.
> What does the term sales life cycle mean? What are the phases of the sales life cycle? How does it differ from the cost life cycle?
> Explain the two methods for reducing total product costs to achieve a desired target cost. Which is more common in the consumer electronics industries? In the specialized equipment manufacturing industries?
> At what phase in the product sales life cycle will prices likely be the highest: introduction, growth, maturity, or decline?
> Distinguish pricing based on the cost life cycle and pricing based on the sales life cycle, and give an example method for each.
> How is Takt time calculated, and what is it used for?
> Explain the difference in intended application between strategic pricing and life-cycle costing.
> For what types of firms is life-cycle costing most appropriate? Why?
> How important is product design in life-cycle costing? Why?
> For what types of firms is the theory of constraints analysis most appropriate? Why?
> Brief Exercises 7-11 through 7-14 involve departmental cost allocation with two service departments and two production departments. Use the following information for these four exercises: How does your answer to 7-11 change if the cost in P1 is changed
> What type of professional certification is most relevant for the management accountant and why?
> A 45.0-cm diameter disk rotates with a constant angular acceleration of 2.50 rad/s2. It starts from rest at t = 0, and a line drawn from the center of the disk to a point P on the rim of the disk makes an angle of 57.3° with the positive x - axis at this
> The tub of a washer goes into its spin-dry cycle, starting from rest and reaching an angular speed of 5.0 rev/s in 8.0 s. At this point, the person doing the laundry opens the lid, and a safety switch turns off the washer. The tub slows to rest in 12.0 s
> A bicycle is turned upside down while its owner repairs a flat tire. A friend spins the other wheel and observes that drops of water fly off tangentially. She measures the heights reached by drops moving vertically (Fig. P7.8). A drop that breaks loose f
> A centrifuge in a medical laboratory rotates at an angular velocity of 3600 rev/min. When switched off, it rotates through 50.0 revolutions before coming to rest. Find the constant angular acceleration (in rad/s2) of the centrifuge.
> A 1.25-kg wooden block rests on a table over a large hole as in Figure P6.84. A 5.00-g bullet with an initial velocity vi is fired upward into the bottom of the block and remains in the block after the collision. The block and bullet rise to a maximum he
> A wooden block of mass M rests on a table over a large hole as in Figure P6.84. A bullet of mass m with an initial velocity vi is fired upward into the bottom of the block and remains in the block after the collision. The block and bullet rise to a maxim
> A 0.30-kg puck, initially at rest on a frictionless horizontal surface, is struck by a 0.20-kg puck that is initially moving along the x-axis with a velocity of 2.0 m/s. After the collision, the 0.20-kg puck has a speed of 1.0 m/s at an angle of θ = 53°
> A flying squid (family Ommastrephidae) is able to “jump” off the surface of the sea by taking water into its body cavity and then ejecting the water vertically downward. A 0.850-kg squid is able to eject 0.300 kg of water with a speed of 20.0 m/s. (a) Wh
> Measuring the speed of a bullet. A bullet of mass m is fired horizontally into a wooden block of mass M lying on a table. The bullet remains in the block after the collision. The coefficient of friction between the block and table is µ, and the block sli
> A 20.0-kg toboggan with 70.0-kg driver is sliding down a frictionless chute directed 30.0° below the horizontal at 8.00 m/s when a 55.0-kg woman drops from a tree limb straight down behind the driver. If she drops through a vertical displacement of 2.00
> Suppose the change in angular position for each of the pairs of values in Quick Quiz 7.1 occurred in 1 s. Which choice represents the lowest average angular velocity? Pairs of values From Quick Quiz 1: (a) 3 rad, 6 rad; (b) -1 rad, 1 rad; (c) 1 rad, 5 r
> A boy of mass mb and his girlfriend of mass mg, both wearing ice skates, face each other at rest while standing on a frictionless ice rink. The boy pushes the girl, giving her a velocity vg toward the east. Assume that mb > mg. (a) Describe the subsequen
> A 60-kg soccer player jumps vertically upwards and heads the 0.45-kg ball as it is descending vertically with a speed of 25 m/s. (a) If the player was moving upward with a speed of 4.0 m/s just before impact, what will be the speed of the ball immediatel
> (a) A car traveling due east strikes a car traveling due north at an intersection, and the two move together as a unit. A property owner on the southeast corner of the intersection claims that his fence was torn down in the collision. Should he be awarde
> Two blocks collide on a frictionless surface. After the collision, the blocks stick together. Block A has a mass M and is initially moving to the right at speed v. Block B has a mass 2M and is initially at rest. System C is composed of both blocks. (a) D
> A cannon is rigidly attached to a carriage, which can move along horizontal rails, but is connected to a post by a large spring, initially unstretched and with force constant k = 2.00 x 104 N/m, as in Figure P6.75. The cannon fires a 2.00 x 102-kg projec
> A car of mass m moving at a speed v1 collides and couples with the back of a truck of mass 2m moving initially in the same direction as the car at a lower speed v2. (a) What is the speed vf of the two vehicles immediately after the collision? (b) What is
> A small block of mass m1 = 0.500 kg is released from rest at the top of a curved wedge of mass m2 = 3.00 kg, which sits on a frictionless horizontal surface as in Figure P6.73a. When the block leaves the wedge, its velocity is measured to be 4.00 m/s to
> Two objects of masses m and 3m are moving toward each other along the x-axis with the same initial speed v0. The object with mass m is traveling to the left, and the object with mass 3m is traveling to the right. They undergo an elastic glancing collisio
> A block with mass m1 = 0.500 kg is released from rest on a frictionless track at a distance h1 = 2.50 m above the top of a table. It then collides elastically with an object having mass m2 = 1.00 kg that is initially at rest on the table, as shown in Fig
> Two blocks of masses m1 = 2.00 kg and m2 = 4.00 kg are each released from rest at a height of h = 5.00 m on a frictionless track, as shown in Figure P6.70, and undergo an elastic headon collision. (a) Determine the velocity of each block just before the
> A rigid body is rotating counterclockwise about a fixed axis. Each of the following pairs of quantities represents an initial angular position and a final angular position of the rigid body. Which of the sets can occur only if the rigid body rotates thro
> Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 approach each other on a horizontal table with the same constant speed, v0, as measured by a laboratory observer. The blocks undergo a perfectly elastic collision, and it is observed that m1 stops but m2 moves opposite its
> An unstable nucleus of mass 1.7 x 10-26 kg, initially at rest at the origin of a coordinate system, disintegrates into three particles. One particle, having a mass of m1 = 5.0 x 10-27 kg, moves in the positive y- direction with speed v1 = 6.0 x 106 m/s.
> A 730-N man stands in the middle of a frozen pond of radius 5.0 m. He is unable to get to the other side because of a lack of friction between his shoes and the ice. To overcome this difficulty, he throws his 1.2-kg physics textbook horizontally toward t
> A 0.400-kg blue bead slides on a frictionless, curved wire, starting from rest at point â’¶ in Figure P6.66, where h = 1.50 m. At point â’·, the bead collides elastically with a 0.600-kg green bead at rest. Find the maxi
> An amateur skater of mass M is trapped in the middle of an ice rink and is unable to return to the side where there is no ice. Every motion she makes causes her to slip on the ice and remain in the same spot. She decides to try to return to safety by rem
> A bullet of mass m and speed v passes completely through a pendulum bob of mass M as shown in Figure P6.64. The bullet emerges with a speed of v/2. The pendulum bob is suspended by a stiff rod of length, and negligible mass. What is the minimum value of
> A 2.0-g particle moving at 8.0 m/s makes a perfectly elastic head-on collision with a resting 1.0-g object. (a) Find the speed of each particle after the collision (b) Find the speed of each particle after the collision if the stationary particle has a m
> Consider a frictionless track as shown in Figure P6.62. A block of mass m1 = 5.00 kg is released from â’¶. It makes a head-on elastic collision at â’· with a block of mass m2 = 10.0 kg that is initially at rest. Calculat
> Most of us know intuitively that in a head-on collision between a large dump truck and a subcompact car, you are better off being in the truck than in the car. Why is this? Many people imagine that the collision force exerted on the car is much greater t
> In research in cardiology and exercise physiology, it is often important to know the mass of blood pumped by a person’s heart in one stroke. This information can be obtained by means of a ballistocardiograph. The instrument works as follows: The subject
> Suppose an asteroid has a semimajor axis of 4 AU. How long does it take the asteroid to go around the Sun? (a) 2 years (b) 4 years (c) 6 years (d) 8 years
> A spaceship’s orbital maneuver requires a speed increase of 1.20 x 103 m/s. If its engine has an exhaust speed of 2.50 x 103 m/s, determine the required ratio Mi/Mf of its initial mass to its final mass. (The difference Mi - Mf equals the mass of the eje
> A spaceship at rest relative to a nearby star in interplanetary space has a total mass of 2.50 x 104 kg. Its engines fire at t = 0, steadily burning fuel at 76.7 kg/s with an exhaust speed of 4.25 x 103 m/s. Calculate the spaceship’s (a) Acceleration at
> A typical person begins to lose consciousness if subjected to accelerations greater than about 5g (49.0 m/s2) for more than a few seconds. Suppose a 3.00 x 104-kg manned spaceship’s engine has an exhaust speed of 2.50 x 103 m/s. What maximum burn rate |Δ
> NASA’s Saturn V rockets that launched astronauts to the moon were powered by the strongest rocket engine ever developed, providing 6.77 x 106 N of thrust while burning fuel at a rate of 2.63 x 103 kg/s. Calculate the engine’s exhaust speed.
> One of the first ion engines on a commercial satellite used Xenon as a propellant and could eject the ionized gas at a rate of 3.03 x 10-6 kg/s with an exhaust speed of 3.04 x 104 m/s. What instantaneous thrust could the engine provide?
> The Merlin rocket engines developed by SpaceX produce 8.01 x 105 N of instantaneous thrust with an exhaust speed of 3.05 x 103 m/s in vacuum. What mass of fuel does the engine burn each second?
> A billiard ball moving at 5.00 m/s strikes a stationary ball of the same mass. After the collision, the first ball moves at 4.33 m/s at an angle of 30.0° with respect to the original line of motion. (a) Find the velocity (magnitude and direction) of the
> Two automobiles of equal mass approach an intersection. One vehicle is traveling with velocity 13.0 m/s toward the east, and the other is traveling north with velocity v2i. Neither driver sees the other. The vehicles collide in the intersection and stick
> A 2.00 x 103-kg car moving east at 10.0 m/s collides with a 3.00 x 103-kg car moving north. The cars stick together and move as a unit after the collision, at an angle of 40.0° north of east and a speed of 5.22 m/s. Find the speed and direction of the 3.
> Identical twins, each with mass 55.0 kg, are on ice skates and at rest on a frozen lake, which may be taken as frictionless. Twin A is carrying a backpack of mass 12.0 kg. She throws it horizontally at 3.00 m/s to Twin B. Neglecting any gravity effects,
> A planet has two moons with identical mass. Moon 1 is in a circular orbit of radius r. Moon 2 is in a circular orbit of radius 2r. The magnitude of the gravitational force exerted by the planet on Moon 2 is (a) Four times as large (b) Twice as large (c)
> A 90.0-kg fullback running east with a speed of 5.00 m/s is tackled by a 95.0-kg opponent running north with a speed of 3.00 m/s. (a) Why does the tackle constitute a perfectly inelastic collision? (b) Calculate the velocity of the players immediately af
> A billiard ball rolling across a table at 1.50 m/s makes a headon elastic collision with an identical ball. Find the speed of each ball after the collision (a) When the second ball is initially at rest, (b) When the second ball is moving toward the first
> A 25.0-g object moving to the right at 20.0 cm/s overtakes and collides elastically with a 10.0-g object moving in the same direction at 15.0 cm/s. Find the velocity of each object after the collision.
> A space probe, initially at rest, undergoes an internal mechanical malfunction and breaks into three pieces. One piece of mass m1 = 48.0 kg travels in the positive x - direction at 12.0 m/s, and a second piece of mass m2 = 62.0 kg travels in the xy-plane
> A tennis ball of mass 57.0 g is held just above a basketball of mass 590 g. With their centers vertically aligned, both balls are released from rest at the same time, falling through a distance of 1.20 m, as shown in Figure P6.45. (a) Find the magnitude
