Question: Why can the length of the pin

> The “Chemistry in Focus” segment Tiny Thermometers states that the temperature range for the carbon nanotube gallium thermometers is 50 °C to 500 °C. a. What properties of gallium make it useful in a thermometer? b. Determine the useful temperature ran

> Convert the following Celsius temperatures to Fahrenheit degrees. a. the boiling temperature of ethyl alcohol, 78.1 °C b. a hot day at the beach on a Greek isle, 40. °C c. the lowest possible temperature, 2273 °C d. the body temperature of a person w

> Convert the following Fahrenheit temperatures to Celsius degrees. a. a chilly morning in early autumn, 45 °F b. a hot, dry day in the Arizona desert, 115 °F c. the temperature in winter when my car won’t start, 210 °F d. the surface of a star, 10,000

> Carry out the indicated temperature conversions. a. 2153 °F to kelvins b. 2153 °C to kelvins c. 555 °C to Fahrenheit degrees d. 224 °F to Celsius degrees

> Make the following temperature conversions: a. 44.2 °C to kelvins b. 891 K to °C c. 220 °C to kelvins d. 273.1 K to °C

> On which temperature scale (°F, °C, or K) does 1 degree represent the smallest change in temperature?

> On both the Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales, there are degrees between the normal freezing and boiling points of water.

> The freezing point of water is K.

> What are the two characteristic properties of matter?

> The normal boiling point of water is °F, or °C.

> The point of water is at 32° on the Fahrenheit temperature scale.

> The temperature scale used in everyday life in most of the world except the United States is the scale.

> The radius of an atom is on the order of 10210 m. What is this radius in centimeters? in inches? in nanometers?

> The United States has high-speed trains running between Boston and New York capable of speeds up to 160 mi/h. Are these trains faster or slower than the fastest trains in the United Kingdom, which reach speeds of 225 km/h?

> Los Angeles and Honolulu are 2558 mi apart. What is this distance in kilometers?

> 12.01 g of carbon contains 6.02 * 1023 carbon atoms. What is the mass in grams of 1.89 * 1025 carbon atoms?

> Which of the following statements is(are) true? a. A spoonful of sugar is a mixture. b. Only elements are pure substances. c. Air is a mixture of gases. d. Gasoline is a pure substance. e. Compounds can be broken down only by chemical means.

> Which of the following best describes the substance XeF4? a. element b. compound c. heterogeneous mixture d. homogeneous mixture

> The properties of a compound are often very different from the properties of the elements making up the compound. Water is an excellent example of this idea. Discuss.

> Will the power of 10 have a positive, negative, or zero exponent when each of the following numbers is rewritten in standard scientific notation? a. 0.08331 b. 2.8 c. 0.0491 d. 70,892,000

> Sketch the apparatus commonly used for simple distillation in the laboratory, identifying each component.

> For Exercises 57 and 58, apples cost $1.75 per pound. What conversion factor could be used to determine how many pounds of apples could be bought for $25.00?

> For Exercises 57 and 58, apples cost $1.75 per pound. What conversion factor is appropriate to express the cost of 5.3 lb of apples?

> Given that 1 in. = 2.54 cm exactly, indicate what conversion factor is appropriate to convert 3.25 in. to centimeters and to convert 46.12 cm to inches.

> Given that 1 mi = 1760 yd, determine what conversion factor is appropriate to convert 1849 yd to miles; to convert 2.781 mi to yards.

> How many significant figures are understood for the numbers in the following definition: 1 in. = 2.54 cm?

> A represents a ratio based on an equivalence statement between two measurements.

> Which of the following best describes the air around you on a typical day? (Assume the air is made up of ,80% nitrogen and ,20% oxygen. Ignore other gases such as water vapor and carbon dioxide.). a. Air is a homogeneous mixture of gases because it gene

> How many significant digits should be used to report the answer to each of the following calculations? Do not perform the calculations. a. (2.7518 + 9.01 + 3.3349)/(2.1) b. (2.7751 * 1.95)/(.98) c. 12.0078/3.014 d. (0.997 + 4.011 + 3.876)/(1.86 * 10-

> Which of the following contains an element, a compound, and a mixture? a. copper, silicon dioxide (SiO2), copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) b. hydrogen, carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) c. chili, pizza, steak d. sodium, sodium chloride (NaCl), salt water e

> Will the power of 10 have a positive or a negative exponent when each of the following numbers is rewritten in standard scientific notation? a. 42,751 b. 1253 c. 0.002045 d. 0.1089

> Without actually performing the calculations indicated, tell to how many significant digits the answer to the calculation should be expressed. a. (0.196)(0.08215)(295)/(1.1) b. (4.215 + 3.991 + 2.442)/(0.22) c. (7.881)(4.224)(0.00033)/(2.997) d. (6.2

> A(n) always has the same composition.

> The processes of melting and evaporation involve changes in the of a substance.

> How many digits after the decimal point should be reported when the calculation (10,434 -9.3344) is performed?

> When the sum 4.9965 + 2.11 + 3.887 is calculated, to how many decimal places should the answer be reported? You should not need to perform the calculation.

> Which of the following are true? a. P4 is considered a compound. b. Metal rusting on a car is a chemical change. c. Dissolving sugar in water is a chemical change. d. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a homogeneous mixture.

> When the calculation (2.31)(4.9795 * 103)/(1.9971 * 104) is performed, how many significant digits should be reported for the answer? You should not need to perform the calculation.

> The following water measurements are made: 18 mL of water measured with a beaker, 128.7 mL of water measured with a graduated cylinder, and 23.45 mL of water measured with a buret. If all of these water samples are then poured together into one container

> Consider the calculation indicated below: Explain why the answer to this calculation should be reported to only two significant digits. 2.21 x 0.072333 × 0.15 4.995

> Round off each of the following numbers to the indicated number of significant digits, and write the answer in standard scientific notation. a. 0.00034159 to two digits b. 103.351 * 102 to five digits c. 17.9915 to one digit d. 3.365 * 105 to four di

> When a large or small number is written in standard scientific notation, the number is expressed as the product of a number between 1 and 10, multiplied by the appropriate power of 10. For each of the following numbers, indicate what power of 10 would be

> Round off each of the following numbers to the indicated number of significant digits and write the answer in standard scientific notation. a. 4341 * 102 to three significant digits b. 93.441 * 103 to three significant digits c. 0.99155 * 102 to four

> Round off each of the following numbers to two significant digits, and express the result in standard scientific notation. a. 1,566,311 b. 2.7651 * 10-3 c. 0.07759 d. 0.0011672

> Round off each of the following numbers to three significant digits, and express the result in standard scientific notation. a. 254,931 b. 0.00025615 c. 47.85 * 103 d. 0.08214 * 105

> In a multiple-step calculation, is it better to round off the numbers to the correct number of significant figures in each step of the calculation or to round off only the final answer? Explain.

> When we round off a number, if the number to the right of the digit to be rounded is greater than 5, then we should

> Indicate the number of significant figures implied in each of the following statements: a. The population of the United States in 2016 was 324 million. b. One minute is equivalent to 60 seconds. c. There are 1.6093 kilometers in 1 mile. d. The averag

> Indicate the number of significant figures in each of the following: a. 250. b. 250 c. 2.5 * 102 d. 250.0

> Classify the following mixtures as heterogeneous or homogeneous. a. soil b. mayonnaise c. Italian salad dressing d. the wood from which the desk you are studying on is made e. sand at the beach

> Classify the following as mixtures or pure substances. a. a multivitamin tablet b. the blue liquid in your car’s windshield reservoir c. a ham and cheese omelet d. a diamond

> When a large or small number is written in standard scientific notation, the number is expressed as the product of a number between 1 and 10, multiplied by the appropriate power of 10. For each of the following numbers, indicate what number between 1 and

> What were the four fundamental substances postulated by the Greeks?

> For each of the following chemical symbols, give the name of the corresponding element. a. K b. Ge c. P d. C e. N f. Na g. Ne h. I

> When a measuring scale is used properly to the limit of precision, the last significant digit recorded for the measurement is said to be uncertain. Explain.

> Use the periodic table inside the front cover of this book to find the symbol or name for each of the following elements. Symbol Name zirconium Cs selenium Au cerium

> Use the periodic table shown in Fig. 4.9 to find the symbol or name for each of the following elements Symbol Name Co rubidium Rn radium U

> Observations may be either qualitative or quantitative. Quantitative observations are usually referred to as measurements. List five examples of qualitative observations you might make around your home or school. List five examples of measurements you mi

> In science, what is the difference between a law and a theory? Provide examples of each.

> Being a scientist is very much like being a detective. Detectives such as Sherlock Holmes or Miss Marple perform a very systematic analysis of a crime to solve it, much like a scientist does when addressing a scientific investigation. What are the steps

> Give the symbols and names for the elements whose chemical symbols consist of only one letter.

> Read the “Chemistry in Focus” segment Trace Elements: Small but Crucial, and answer the following questions. a. What is meant by the term trace element? b. Name two essential trace elements in the body and list their function(s).

> What are the five most abundant elements (by mass) in the earth’s crust, oceans, and atmosphere?

> What are the three most abundant elements (by mass) in the human body?

> In addition to his important work on the properties of gases, what other valuable contributions did Robert Boyle make to the development of the study of chemistry?

> Which metric system unit is most appropriate for measuring the length of an insect such as a beetle? a. meters b. millimeters c. megameters d. kilometers

> was the first scientist to recognize the importance of careful measurements.

> Chemistry is an intimidating academic subject for many students. You are not alone if you are afraid of not doing well in this course! Why do you suppose the study of chemistry is so intimidating for many students? What about having to take a chemistry c

> Which of the following is(are) correct? a. 40Ca2+ contains 20 protons and 18 electrons. b. Rutherford created the cathode-ray tube and was the founder of the charge-to-mass ratio of an electron. c. An electron is heavier than a proton. d. The nucleus

> Complete the following table. Atom/lon Protons Neutrons Electrons 120s Mg* Fe+ 34De SCu Noble gases Alkaline Halogens is 1 carth metals 1A 8A 2 2A 13 ЗА 14 15 4A SA 16 6A 17 7A H He 3 4 6 7 9. 10 Li Be B Ne 9 10 11 12 3 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Trans

> Using the periodic table, complete the following table. Atoms Number of Protons Number of Neutrons Mn Ni 28 201 Noble gases Alkaline Halogens is 1 carth metals 1A 8A 2 2A 13 ЗА 14 15 4A SA 16 6A 17 7A H He 3 4 6 7 9. 10 Li Be B Ne 9 10 11 12 3 11 12

> Complete the following table to predict whether the given atom will gain or lose electrons in forming an ion. Gain (G) or Lose (L) Electrons Atom lon Formed Mg Rb Br CI ||

> Complete the following table. Number of Protons Number of Neutrons Symbol 34 45 19 20 53 74 5 24 32 4.

> Provide the symbols for the elements given in the following table. Element Name Symbol tin beryllium hydrogen chlorine radium хenon zinc охудen

> Provide the name of the element that corresponds to each symbol given in the following table. Symbol Element Name Au Kr Не Li Si

> Read the “Chemistry in Focus” segment A Four-Wheel-Drive Nanocar. It discusses carbon and copper atoms. Both atoms have stable isotopes. Example 4.2 had you consider the isotopes of carbon. Copper exists as copper-63 and copper-65. Determine the number o

> The unit of volume in the metric system is the liter, which consists of 1000 milliliters. How many liters or milliliters is each of the following common English system measurements approximately equivalent to? a. a gallon of gasoline b. a pint of milk

> For each of the following elements, use the table shown in Fig. 4.9 to give the chemical symbol and atomic number and to specify whether the element is a metal or a nonmetal. Also give the named family to which the element belongs (if any). a. carbon b

> Complete the following table. Symbol Protons Neutrons Mass Number HCa 25 30 47 109 45

> How many protons and neutrons are contained in the nucleus of each of the following atoms? In an atom of each element, how many electrons are present? a. Ti b. Zn Ge d. Kr 86 64 30 e. As 75 е. 76 с. 32 f. ÝK 41 19

> Write the atomic symbol /for each of the isotopes described below. a. Z = 6, number of neutrons = 7 b. the isotope of carbon with a mass number of 13 c. Z = 6, A = 13 d. Z = 19, A = 44 e. the isotope of calcium with a mass number of 41 f. the isoto

> For each of the following atomic numbers, write the name and chemical symbol of the corresponding element. (Refer to Figure 4.9.) a. 7 b. 10 c. 11 d. 28 e. 22 f. 18 g. 36 h. 54 Noble Alkaline carth metals IA Halogens| 8A 2 3A 4A SA 6A 7A H. 2

> Write the simplest formula for each of the following substances, listing the elements in the order given. a. a molecule containing one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms b. a compound containing one aluminum atom for every three chlorine atoms c. perchl

> For each of the following chemical symbols, give the name of the corresponding element. a. Te b. Pd c. Zn d. Si e. Cs f. Bi g. F h. Ti

> Give the chemical symbol for each of the following elements. a. silver b. aluminum c. cadmium d. antimony e. tin f. arsenic

> Which of the following series of elements is not matched with the correct description? a. F, Cl, Br—halogens b. He, Ne, Ar—noble gases c. Mg, Ca, Sr—alkaline earth metals d. Fe, Co, Ni—transition metals e. B, Si, Ge—metals

> Give the chemical symbol for each of the following elements. a. barium b. potassium c. cesium d. lead e. platinum f. gold

> Which English unit of length or distance is most comparable in scale to each of the following metric system units for making measurements? a. a centimeter b. a meter c. a kilometer

> How many electrons are present in each of the following ions? a. Se2- b. Br- c. Cr3+ d. Rb+ e. Bi3+ f. Cu2+

> How did Robert Boyle define an element?

> Though the common isotope of aluminum has a mass number of 27, isotopes of aluminum have been isolated (or prepared in nuclear reactors) with mass numbers of 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, and 30. How many neutrons are present in each of these isotopes? Why are the

> How many protons and neutrons are contained in the nucleus of each of the following atoms? For an atom of the element, how many electrons are present? 63 a. 29 Cu SCu b. Br 24 с. Mg 35

> When iron rusts in moist air, the product is typically a mixture of two iron–oxygen compounds. In one compound, there is an equal number of iron and oxygen atoms. In the other compound, there are three oxygen atoms for every two iron atoms. Write the for

> Carbohydrates, a class of compounds containing the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, were originally thought to contain one water molecule (H2O) for each carbon atom present. The carbohydrate glucose contains six carbon atoms. Write a general formul

> Which of the following is(are) true regarding 37Cl- and 40Ar? a. same group number on the periodic table b. same number of protons c. same number of neutrons d. same number of electrons

> Which of the following statements is(are) true? a. Dalton was the first to theorize that atoms consist of smaller particles called electrons, protons, and neutrons. b. Dalton’s atomic theory didn’t account for isotopes. c. All particles in the nucleus

> Give the group number (if any) in the periodic table for the elements listed in Problem 85. If the group has a family name, give that name. From problem 85: For each of the following elements, give the chemical symbol and atomic number. a. astatine b.

> For each of the following elements, give the chemical symbol and atomic number. a. astatine b. xenon c. radium d. strontium e. lead f. selenium g. argon h. cesium

> The fundamental SI unit of length is the meter. However, we often deal with larger or smaller lengths or distances for which multiples or fractions of the fundamental unit are more useful. For each of the following situations, suggest what fraction or mu

> For each of the following negative ions, use the concept that a chemical compound must have a net charge of zero to predict the formula of the simple compounds that the negative ions would form with the Cs+, Ba2-, and Al3- ions. a. I- b. O2- c. P3- d