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Question: Singer v. Reali United States Court of


Singer v. Reali
United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit, 883 F.3d 425 (2018).
Background and Facts, TranS1, Inc., a medical device company, sold the “System,” a spinal surgical procedure. TranS1’s financial success hinged on whether health insurers and government health-care programs would reimburse the claims of surgeons who used the System. When the American Medical Association designated the System to be “experimental,” surgeons could no longer count on being reimbursed for its use. TranS1 then coached surgeons to file fraudulent claims that would allow for full reimbursement.
The company’s officers publicly stated that they were “assisting surgeons in obtaining appropriate reimbursement” but did not reveal the fraudulent scheme. When TranS1 disclosed that the government was investigating the firm, the value of its stock dropped. Phillip Singer and other shareholders filed a suit in a federal district court against Kenneth Reali and other officers, alleging a violation of Section 10(b). The court dismissed the complaint. The plaintiffs appealed.
In the Language of the Court king, Circuit Judge: The material misrepresentation element of a Section 10(b) claim requires an allegation that the defendant acted deceptively, i.e., that the defendant engaged in deceptive acts such as misstatements and omissions by those with a duty to disclose. Furthermore, the deceptive act must concern a material fact. [Emphasis added.]
The Complaint is sufficient to establish that, by choosing to speak about its reimbursement practices, the Company possessed a duty to disclose its alleged illegal conduct. The Company violated that duty and acted deceptively by way of false statements and statements that were misleading because they omitted the fraudulent reimbursement scheme. Furthermore, the facts of that scheme were material, in that a reasonable investor would have considered the scheme important in deciding whether to buy or sell TranS1 stock.
To allege the scienter element, a plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant acted with a mental state embracing intent to deceive, manipulate, or defraud.
By alleging that the fraudulent reimbursement scheme was known to the Officers, clearly illegal, and fundamental to TranS1’s financial success, the Complaint gives rise to a strong inference that TranS1 and the Officers intended to deceive the market, or at the very least acted recklessly, when they made false and misleading statements about the Company’s reimbursement practices that omitted the fraudulent reimbursement scheme.
The causation element requires the pleading of a sufficiently direct relationship between the plaintiff’s economic loss and the defendant’s fraudulent conduct, which may be accomplished by alleging facts establishing that the defendant’s misrepresentation or omission was one substantial cause of the investment’s decline in value.
[After the government began its investigation, TransS1] revealed enough facts for the market to finally recognize what the Officers’ previous statements had materially omitted: the existence of the Company’s fraudulent reimbursement scheme. According to the Complaint, the revelations caused the value of TranS1’s stock to plummet more than 40 percent. Such an allegation is wholly adequate to demonstrate that the exposure of the Company’s fraud was at least one substantial cause of the investment’s decline in value.
Decision and Remedy; The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit vacated the judgment of the district court and remanded the case. “The Complaint sufficiently pleads the material misrepresentation, scienter, and loss causation elements of the Section 10(b) claim.”
Critical Thinking
• Legal Environment; In documents available to the public, TranS1 included general warnings about “the risks of regulatory scrutiny and litigation.” Did this satisfy the company’s duty to disclose its allegedly fraudulent scheme? Why or why not?
• Economic; If the plaintiffs can prove the elements of their claim, what should be the measure of their damages? Explain.


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