Question: The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) defines
The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) defines Ecotourism as ‘responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and involves interpretation and education’ (TIES, 2015). Education is meant to be inclusive of both staff and guests. Tourism is a key industry sector in the South African economy. One of the fastest growth sectors within this is ecotourism. Ecotourism is about uniting conservation, communities and sustainable travel. It includes holidays focusing on nature photography, bird-watching, botanical studies, snorkelling, hiking and mountain climbing. Village tourism is also becoming popular with tourists wanting to stay in rural villages. Ecotourism and village tourism offer opportunities for community-based tourism enterprises that can bring income and jobs to poorer areas. Community-based tourism enterprises are located within communities and owned and managed by community members. One such example of this in South Africa is the Makuleke Community Property Association (Makuleke CPA). The Makuleke community was displaced during apartheid but won back legal title over their lands in 1998 after a restitution of land rights process. The community decided to retain the conservation status and to establish a Joint Management Board comprised of members from the community and representatives from the Kruger National Park. The community devised a strategy that would provide a sustainable source of economic development and income for the community and, at the same time, ensure the ecological integrity of the land and protection of endemic wildlife species. The community-led ecotourism initiative is in the northern part of the Kruger National Park, which provides a wide range of activities, including game drives, night drives, walks and wildlife hides. Revenues from the various lodges and camps that the Makuleke CPA is partnering with are used in both community development projects, as well as biodiversity conservation initiatives. Activities are designed not only to generate income for the local community, but also to raise awareness among the local population of the value of protecting biodiversity in the region. Anti-poaching teams have been established to identify and eliminate illegal poaching. One of the fundamental objectives of Makuleke CPA (as stipulated in its constitution) is to manage and administer the restored land for the benefit of all community members in a participatory and non-discriminatory way. The community contains more than 15,000 beneficiaries in three villages. All income-generating activities pursued by the group aim to benefit this constituency. All partners have a preferential policy in place for the Association’s members and only when a particular skill set is not available in the community will external suppliers be sought. The success and viability of ecotourism lies in right-sizing the operations and in generating direct financial benefits to the local residents. Ecotourism will survive only if it is also sustainable as a business enterprise no matter how environmentally and socio-culturally sustainable its apparent impact is. The more profitable these enterprises, the more beneficial they are to the local community, so it is important to reduce costs and increase profitability. One way to increase the benefits of these enterprises to local communities is to shorten the traditional supply chain, as depicted below: Traditional supply chain: 
A local lodge might have the following supply chain: 
Each stage in the supply chain has associated costs and by shortening the supply chain some costs can be eliminated. Required 1. Discuss the types of costs associated with each stage in the supply chain for a local eco lodge. 2. Discuss how some stages in the supply chain might be eliminated, thereby reducing costs. 3. Identify what additional support local businesses, such as the community’s eco lodges, might need if these stages in the supply chain were eliminated.
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