What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes ATP synthesis in mitochondria?
> In Figure 11.2, show the social cost of setting a uniform national standard, applicable to both rural and urban areas (to do this, you can assume that the national standard is set at either eu or er). Figure 11.2: MDu МАС MD, e, eu Ambient levels o
> Environmental protection programs are frequently designed to require all polluters to cut back emissions by a certain percentage. What are the perverse incentives built into this type of program?
> Catalytic converters are required on all new cars to reduce tailpipe emissions. Explain how this technology could have a beneficial impact in the short run but a less beneficial impact in the long run.
> Is there ever a justification for adopting an environmental regulation that cannot be, or will not be, enforced?
> Do you think that the impacts of the program to control automobile pollution are progressively or regressively distributed? How about the program to ensure the quality of public water supply systems?
> “Efficiency implies cost-effectiveness, but cost-effectiveness does not imply efficiency.” Explain this statement.
> Most industries are composed of firms that, though perhaps producing roughly the same thing, are very different; some are large and some small; some are profitable and others not; some are located in one part of the country and some in others; some perha
> A tax on gasoline is proposed in order to raise money for the pollution-control activities of several public agencies. The tax will be 10¢ per gallon, and last year 10.3 million gallons of gasoline were used by motorists (this is strictly an illustrative
> “The costs of achieving emission reductions in the future will depend greatly on the types of policies used to reduce emissions today.” Explain.
> What do we mean by “race to the bottom” in environmental regulation? As countries discuss climate change mitigation options, how does race-to the bottom relate to establishing CO2 emissions or GHG reductions among countries?
> Over the last two years, emission abatement costs in industry X have been about $1 million per year. A new regulation will lead to abatement costs of $1.8 million per year. Does this mean that the regulation will cause increased abatement costs of $800,0
> Suppose a new law is put into effect requiring oil tankers to use certain types of navigation rules in coastal waters of the United States. Suppose that the very next year there is a large tanker accident and oil spill in these waters. Does this mean tha
> Following are the marginal abatement costs of three firms, related to the quantity of emissions. Each firm is now emitting 10 tons/week, so total emissions are 30 tons/week. Suppose we wish to reduce total emissions by 50 percent, to 15 tons per week. Co
> Suppose there is a suburban community where domestic septic tanks are responsible for contaminating a local lake. What is the effect on actual and efficient levels of water quality in the lake of an increase in the number of homes in the community?
> 1. Use the logic of willingness to pay to interpret the statement “I like clean air more than you do.” 2. Below is the marginal willingness to pay of a consumer for organic apples. a. What is this individualâ&#
> Suppose that the following discrete numbers show the integer values of MWTP and MC as depicted in Figure 4.1. Determine the socially efficient rate of output. Show that at any other output level, the net benefits to society will be lower than they are at
> Suppose there is a technological change that allows firms to produce goods and services with less pollution. How would this affect the production possibilities curves of Figure 2.2, and where might society choose to locate itself on this curve? Figure 2
> What considerations come into play when considering whether a country or any other political entity is spending the right amount for environmental quality improvements?
> Consider the production and use of single-use, plastic shopping bags, and examine their flows along all parts of Figure 2.1. Do the same for paper shopping bags. Figure 2.1: Natural Environment Recycled (R6) | Raw Materials (M) Residuals (R,) Disch
> How might globalization and the growth of multinational corporations in the envirotech industry be a positive force for environmental protection in the countries of the world?
> Suppose we introduce a new criterion, “administrative feasibility,” for evaluating environmental policies in developing countries. How might this affect choices among different types of policies?
> When a multinational business firm from the developed world opens operations in a developing nation, should it be held to the environmental standards of its country of origin or to those of the country in which it is operating?
> If all countries adopted the same emission standards in similar industries, would this tend to equalize production costs and put each country on the same footing with respect to environmental matters?
> Suppose Country A imports a product from Country B, and that Country B lacks environmental laws governing the production of the item. Under what conditions might Country A be justified in putting a tariff on the imported item?
> Why are long-lived, cumulative pollutants so much harder to manage than short-lived, noncumulative pollutants?
> Refer to Figure 12.1. Suppose the emissions tax is $95/ton/month. Find the efficient level of emissions for the firm. Explain why the firm would not reduce its emissions to 1 ton/month. Figure 12.1: Marginal Abatement Total Total Tax Bill at $120/T
> Draw each of the following using condensed formulas and line formulas: a. β-Methyl butyraldehyde b. α-Hydroxy propionaldehyde c. α, β-Dimethyl valeraldehyde d. γ-Chlorovaleraldehyde
> Draw the structure of the open-chain form of d-fructose, and show how it cyclizes to form a- and β-d-fructose.
> Draw the structure of each of the following carboxylic acids: a. β-Chlorobutyric acid b. α, β -Dibromovaleric acid c. β, γ-Dihydroxybutyric acid d. δ-Bromo- γ-chloro-β-methylcaproic acid
> Write the condensed formula for each of the following compounds. a. 3-Methylnonanal b. β-Bromovaleraldehyde c. 4-Fluorohexanal d. α, β-Dimethyl butyraldehyde
> Would you expect that intensive properties or extensive properties would be more useful in distinguishing among plant varieties by inspecting their leaves?
> How many significant figures are contained in each of the following numbers? a. 0.042 b. 4.20 c. 24.0 d. 240 e. 204 f. 2.04
> What is the role of VLDL in triglyceride metabolism?
> Label each property as intensive or extensive: a. the shape of leaves on a tree b. the number of leaves on a tree
> What chemical group is part of coenzyme A and acyl carrier protein and allows both molecules to form thioester bonds to fatty acids?
> Classify each of the following as either a chemical property or a physical property: a. odor b. taste c. temperature
> What is the cause of the characteristic “acetone breath” that is associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus?
> Cloudy urine can be a symptom of a bladder infection. Classify this urine as a pure substance, a homogeneous mixture, or a heterogeneous mixture.
> Why must dietary lipids be processed before enzymatic digestion can be effective?
> What is the energy source used for the urea cycle?
> What is hyperammonemia? How are mild forms of this disease treated?
> How are enzymes used in medical treatment? Provide an example.
> What is the role of vitamin B6 in transamination?
> What is the difference between denaturation and coagulation?
> What biochemical reaction is catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase?
> Write a chemical equation for the transfer of an amino group from alanine to a-ketoglutarate, catalyzed by a transaminase.
> At which steps in the citric acid cycle do oxidation reduction reactions occur?
> What does the term aerobic respiration mean?
> What is the cellular location of the electron transport systems?
> How many molecules of ATP are produced when one molecule of FADH2 is oxidized by oxidative phosphorylation?
> What is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?
> Tire pressure is measured in units of lb/in2. Convert 32 lb/in2 to g/cm2 (use the proper number of significant figures).
> What molecules serve as signals to decrease the rate of the reactions of the citric acid cycle?
> If the muscle of an organism had no lactate dehydrogenase, could anaerobic glycolysis occur in those muscle cells? Explain your answer.
> Which of the four allosteric enzymes or enzyme complexes in the citric acid cycle are under negative allosteric control? Which are under positive allosteric control?
> An essential gene has the codon 59-UUA-39 in a critical position. If this codon is mutated to the sequence 59-UUG- 39, what is the expected consequence for the cell?
> Define the term effector.
> What happens to the reading frame of a gene if a nucleotide is deleted?
> What is the major role of coenzyme A in catabolic reactions?
> Write the equation for the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Highlight the chemical changes that show this to be an oxidation reaction.
> In the oxidation of succinate to fumarate, what is the structural evidence that an oxidation reaction has occurred? What functional groups are involved?
> To which family of organic molecules do a and d belong? To which family of organic molecules do b and c belong? (а) (b) CH,OH С-Н Н-С-ОН НО-С—Н НО-С—Н Н-С—ОН H--OH Н-С-ОН Н-С—ОН H-C-H H-Ć-H "0-P-O -O-P-O- (с) CH,OH (d) C=O C-H H-C-H Н-С—ОН H-C-H -0
> Describe transmembrane proteins and list some of their functions.
> Describe exercise intolerance and the cause of the condition.
> What is the chemical meaning of the term decarboxylation? Give an example of a decarboxylase.
> How many molecules of FAD are converted to FADH2 during one turn of the citric acid cycle?
> Are the following statements true or false? If false, rewrite the statements to make them accurate. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are aerobic processes. These anabolic processes occur in the mitochondria and the cytoplasm, respectively.
> What is the function of the promoter sequence in the process of transcription?
> Why must the NADH produced in glycolysis be reoxidized to NAD1?
> Write the equation for the conversion of isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate, and circle the chemical change that reveals the type of reaction that is occurring.
> Draw a diagram illustrating semiconservative DNA replication.
> Write a chemical equation for the production of acetyl CoA from pyruvate. Under what conditions does this reaction occur?
> In the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate is also oxidized. What substance is reduced when pyruvate is oxidized? What is the product of that reduction reaction?
> B(OH)3 has an incomplete octet around the boron atom. Draw the Lewis structure of B(OH)3.
> Compare and contrast anabolism and catabolism in terms of their roles in metabolism and their relationship to ATP.
> What kinds of proteins are found in the inner mitochondrial membrane?
> What biochemical processes occur in the matrix space of the mitochondria?
> How do the mitochondria differ from the other components of eukaryotic cells?
> Define the term cristae.
> What is the function of an anaplerotic reaction?
> Where do the reactions of the urea cycle occur?
> What is the function of a transaminase?
> Write a balanced chemical equation for the reduction of FAD.
> Draw the structure of UDP-glucose and describe its role in glycogen synthesis.
> Consider two beakers, one containing a mixture of NaOH and NaCl (each solute is 0.10 M) and the other containing a mixture of NH3 and NH4Cl (each solute is also 0.10 M). If we add 0.10 M HNO3 (10.0 mL) to each beaker, which solution will have the greater
> Describe the function of the debranching enzyme in glycogen degradation.
> What defects of glycogen metabolism would lead to a large increase in the concentration of liver glycogen?
> a. What enzyme in glycogen metabolism is stimulated by glucagon? b. What effect does this have on glycogen metabolism?
> What does the term hyperglycemia mean?
> Why must the blood glucose level be carefully regulated?
> What is a cloning vector?
> l-Alanine can be converted to pyruvate. Can l-alanine also be converted to glucose? Explain your answer.
> a. What causes the genetic disease xeroderma pigmentosum? b. Why are people who suffer from xeroderma pigmentosum prone to cancer?
> If the sequence of a codon on the mRNA is 59-AUG-39, what will the sequence of the anticodon be? Remember that the hydrogen bonding rules require antiparallel strands. It is easiest to write the anticodon first 3−9 −−−→ 59 and then reverse it to the 5−9−
> What is the role of guanosine triphosphate in gluconeogenesis?
> Use the periodic table and determine the shorthand electron configuration of each of the following atoms. a. I b. Al c. V
> Of what value is the NADPH that is produced in the pentose phosphate pathway?
> A family started a batch of wine by adding yeast to grape juice and placing the mixture in a sealed bottle. Two weeks later, the bottle exploded. What metabolic reactions—and specifically, what product of those reactions—caused the bottle to explode?
> What enzymes catalyze the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide?
> Explain the value of alcohol fermentation in bread making.
