Why does aspirin upset the stomach, whereas acetaminophen (Tylenol) does not?
> Explain why the cyclization of d-glucose forms a hemiacetal.
> Draw all the possible stereoisomers of each of the following compounds, and indicate which are enantiomers, diastereomers, or meso compounds. a. b. CH2OHCHOHCHClCH2OH CH,ČCHOHCHOHČCH,
> Draw all the possible stereoisomers of each of the following compounds, and indicate which are enantiomers, diastereomers, or meso compounds. a. b. ÇOOH H- -H H- -Br H- CI H- н COOH CHO H- OH H- -Br CHO
> Draw a Fischer Projection formula for each of the following compounds. Indicate each of the chiral carbons with an asterisk (*). a. b. c. С-Н H-Ć-H HO-C-H Но-С—Н HO-C-H ČH,OH C-H H-C-H Н-С—ОН он CH,OH С-Н HO-C-H HO-C-H НО-С—Н Н-С—ОН HO-C-H ČH,OH
> Determine whether each of the following is a d- or l-sugar: a. b. c. CH H- -OH Он H -ОН CH,OH CH H- -OH H- FOH HO -H- ČHOH CH H- -O- HO -H ČH,OH
> The linear structure of d-glucose is shown in Figure 16.7. Draw its mirror image. Figure 16.7: CH,OH H H H но OH CH,OH H-C-OH 5C-OH Он H а-D-Glucose HO-C-H 3 OH H H-Ç-OH Но HO'H) -C E. H-C-OH 5 H OH CH,OH он H D-Glucose (орen-chain form) но H 2 ОН
> Erythritol is a four-carbon sugar alcohol and xylitol is a five-carbon sugar alcohol. Like sorbitol and mannitol, they are used as sugar substitutes. Xylitol has the additional benefit of reducing dental cavities and promoting remineralization of the tee
> Define the term meso compound.
> Explain the difference between: a. A ketohexose and an aldohexose b. A triose and a pentose
> Why is the salt of an amine appreciably more soluble in water than the amine from which it was formed?
> Label each of the following statements as true or false and explain why. a. A reaction is at equilibrium when no reactants remain. b. A reaction at equilibrium is undergoing continual change.
> Write an equation for the reaction that would produce each of the following amines: a. Octanamine b. N-Methylpropanamine c. N, N-Diethylpentanamine
> Draw an aldotetrose. Note each chiral carbon with an asterisk (*).
> Define the term enantiomer.
> Draw all of the different possible aldotetroses of molecular formula C4H8O4.
> Draw the open-chain form of the sugars in Question 16.27. Question 16.27: Identify each of the following sugars. CH,OH CH,OH a. C. H. O OH // Но /H/ H. OH H HOOH H. H Но H. ОН H ОН b. НОСН, OH н но, CH-OH H ОН Н
> What is a hexose?
> Define the term ketose.
> Draw and provide the name of an aldotriose.
> Refer to Figure 15.2 and draw hydrogen bonding between two primary amines. Figure 15.2: H H H H H H 'N H 8- 8+ H H 'N H H H H H °C H H H H N H 'N H H H H H H H H 8* H H H (а) (b) do to to E io to
> Some disaccharides are often referred to by their common names. What are the chemical names of (a) milk sugar, (b) beet sugar, and (c) cane sugar?
> How many g of helium must be added to a balloon containing 8.00 g helium gas to double its volume? Assume no change in temperature or pressure.
> What is a polysaccharide?
> What is the function of cellulose in the human diet? How does this relate to the structure of cellulose?
> Show the structure of the thioester that would be formed between coenzyme A and stearic acid.
> Draw the structure of l-galactose.
> Why is L-dopa used to treat Parkinson’s disease rather than dopamine?
> What are the two general classes of neurotransmitters? What distinguishes them from one another?
> Does glycine have a chiral carbon? Explain your reasoning.
> Draw a dipeptide composed of glycine and alanine. Begin by drawing glycine with its amino group on the left. Circle the amide bond.
> Write general equations for the synthesis of a primary, secondary, and tertiary amide.
> Write two equations for the synthesis of each of the following amides. In one equation, use an acid chloride as a reactant. In the second equation, use an acid anhydride. a. Ethanamide b. N-Propylpentanamide c. Propionamide
> Of what significance is it that lysosomal enzymes have a pH optimum of 4.8?
> Complete each of the following by supplying the missing reagents. Draw the structures of each of the reactants and products. a. N-Methylpropanamide +? −−−−→ propanoic acid +? b. N, N-Dimethylacetamide + strong acid −−−−→? + ? c. Formamide 1 strong acid −
> The structure of saccharin, an artificial sweetener, is shown. Circle the amide group. NH is Saccharin
> Locate the amine functional group in the structure of lidocaine. Is lidocaine a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine?
> The amide bond is stabilized by resonance. Draw the contributing resonance forms of the amide bond.
> Draw the condensed formula for each of the following compounds. a. Diethyl methylamine b. 4-Methylpentylamine c. N-Methylaniline d. Triisopropylamine e. Methyl-t-butylamine f. Ethyl hexylamine
> Draw the condensed formula and line formula of each of the following amides: a. Acetamide b. 4-Methylpentanamide c. N, N-Dimethylpropanamide d. Formamide e. N-Ethylpropionamide
> Draw the condensed formula for each of the following amides: a. N-Propylbutanamide b. N-Butyl octanamide c. N-Methyl propanamide d. N-Isopropyl hexanamide
> Use the IUPAC Nomenclature System to name each of the following amides: CH,CH,CHCH,CNH, CH,CHČNH, 'H? CH, с. Br b. -ČNH, Br
> Why is acetaminophen often recommended in place of aspirin?
> How are the common names of amides derived?
> Will the rate of the reaction in Question 7.61 increase, decrease, or remain the same if the concentration of methane increases? Question 7.61: CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g)−−→2H2O(l) + CO2 (g)
> How do the names of the first three enzymes of the glycolytic pathway relate to the reactions they catalyze?
> Describe the water solubility of amides in relation to their carbon chain length.
> Distinguish between the term’s analgesic and anesthetic.
> What is an alkaloid?
> How would you quickly convert an alkylammonium salt into a water-insoluble amine? Explain the rationale for your answer.
> Name each of the following amines using the systematic and common nomenclature systems. CH3 NH2 NH а. CH-CHCHCH3 c. CH3CHCH,CH3 NH2 CH3 N-CH,CH3 d. CH;CHCH3 b. CH-C-CH3 ČH3
> Complete each of the following equations by supplying the missing reactant or product indicated by a question mark: a. b. c. d. CH,CH,NH2 + H;O ? + OH- CH,CH,CH, ? + HCI CH;CH;CH,N+HC- CH, CH,CHNH + HạO - ? + ? NH3 + HBr ?
> Name each of the following carboxylic acids, using both the common and IUPAC Nomenclature Systems: Br a. CH,CH,CHCHCH,C-OH CH, с. С-ОН -OH CH,CH, O b. CH,CH,CHCH,CH,C-OH CH2
> Classify each of the following amines as primary, secondary, or tertiary: a. Benzenamine b. N-Ethyl-2-pentanamine c. Ethyl methylamine d. Tripropylamine e. m-Chloroaniline
> Draw all of the isomeric amines of molecular formula C3H9N. Name each of the isomers using the systematic names, and determine whether each isomer is a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine.
> What is the H3O+ concentration of a solution with a pH of: a. 6.80 b. 4.60 c. 2.70
> Draw the condensed formula for each of the following compounds: a. 2,3-Dibromoaniline b. 2-Octanamine c. 2-Chloro-2-pentanamine d. N, N-Diethyl pentanamine e. Diisopropylamine
> Draw the condensed formula and line formula of each of the following compounds: a. N, N-Dipropylaniline b. Cyclohexanamine c. 2-Bromocyclopentanamine d. Tetraethylammonium iodide e. 3-Bromobenzenamine
> Use systematic and common nomenclature to name each of the following amines: a. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 b. c. d. -NH2 CH,CHCH,CH, NH2 CH, CH,NCH,CH,
> Draw a diagram to illustrate your answer to Question 15.19. Question 15.19: Explain why a tertiary amine such as triethylamine has a significantly lower boiling point than its primary amine isomer, 1-hexanamine.
> Which member in each of the following pairs is more soluble in water? a. d. Decanoic acid or ethanoic acid CH,CH,CH,CH,CH,C-OH or CH;CH,CH;CH,CH,C-O-Na+ b. CH;CH,–O–CH,CH, CH,CH,Č-OCH, or CH,CH,-O-CH,CH, or CH,CH,CH,CH,CH,CH,
> Define the terms analgesic and anesthetic, and list some amines that have these activities.
> How are the common names of amines derived?
> Describe the water solubility of amines in relation to their carbon chain length.
> What are the structures of the acid chlorides and the amines that will react to give each of the following products? a. N-Ethyl hexanamide b. N-Propyl butanamide
> What is meant by a phosphoanhydride bond?
> Provide the atomic number, atomic mass, and name of the element represented by each of the following symbols: a. Ca b. Cu c. Co d. Si
> Write an equation for the reaction of each of the following acid anhydrides with propanol. Name each of the products using the IUPAC Nomenclature System. a. Butanoic anhydride b. Pentanoic anhydride c. Methanoic anhydride
> Write an equation representing the synthesis of octanoic anhydride.
> Write a condensed formula and a line formula for each of the following compounds: a. Decanoyl chloride b. Heptanoyl chloride c. Ethanoyl chloride
> Write the condensed formula for each of the following compounds: a. Valeric anhydride b. Benzoyl chloride
> Write a general equation for the formation of acid anhydrides.
> Describe the chemical properties of acid chlorides.
> Write an equation for the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of each of the following esters: a. Pentyl methanoate b. Hexyl propanoate c. Butyl hexanoate d. Methyl benzoate
> When salicylic acid reacts with acetic anhydride, one of the products is an ester, acetylsalicylic acid. Acetylsalicylic acid is the active ingredient in aspirin. Complete the following equation by drawing the structure of acetylsalicylic acid. (Hint: Ac
> Use the IUPAC Nomenclature System to name each of the products in Question 14.7. Question 14.7: Complete each of the following reactions by drawing the structure of the missing product(s). a. CH;Č-OCH,CH,CH, + H,0 H*, heat b. CH;CH,CH,CH,CH,C-OCH,
> When the methyl ester of hexanoic acid is hydrolyzed in aqueous sodium hydroxide in the presence of heat, a homogeneous solution result. When the solution is acidified with dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid, a new product form. What is the new product? Dr
> Explain the role of allosteric enzymes in control of the citric acid cycle.
> An alcohol can be oxidized to produce an aldehyde or a ketone. What aldehyde or ketone is produced by the oxidation of each of the following alcohols? a. 3-Pentanol b. 2-Methyl-2-butanol
> Complete each of the following reactions by supplying the missing portion indicated with a question mark: a. b. c. d. CH, CH, ? + CH;C-OH CH,CH,C-O-C-CH; ČH, H*, heat CH,CH,CH,CH,COOH+CH,CH,CH,CH,OH CH, O CH,CCH,C-OCH,CH,CCH, + H,O CH, H*, heat ?
> Why is the salt of a carboxylic acid produced in a base-catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester?
> Write a general reaction showing the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester.
> Why is preparation of an ester referred to as a condensation reaction?
> Use the IUPAC Nomenclature System to name each of the following: a. b. c. OCH,CH,CH, C-OCH, ÇHCHCH;CH,C-OCH,CH; Br Br
> Draw condensed formulas for each of the following compounds: a. Ethyl m-nitrobenzoate b. Isopropyl acetate c. Methyl butyrate
> An unknown has been determined to be one of the following three compounds: The unknown is fairly soluble in water and produces a silver mirror when treated with the silver ammonia complex. A red precipitate appears when it is treated with the Benedict&
> Compare the boiling points of esters to those of aldehydes or ketones of similar molar mass.
> Write the structure for each of the following carboxylic acids. a. 1,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid b. 4-Hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid
> Name and describe four colligative solution properties.
> Oxalic acid is found in the leaves of rhubarb, primarily in the form of the calcium salt. Since high levels of oxalic acid are toxic, only rhubarb stalks are used to make strawberry rhubarb pie. What is the IUPAC name of oxalic acid? Write the structure
> Write an equation representing the neutralization of each of the following carboxylic acids with KOH: a. 3-Chlorohexanoic acid b. Cyclohexane carboxylic acid c. 3,4-Dimethylpentanoic acid
> Write a general equation representing the reduction of an aldehyde. What is the product of this reaction?
> Complete each of the following reactions by supplying the missing part(s) indicated by the question mark(s): a. b. CH3COOH + NaOH →? c. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH + NaOH →? d. ?(1). CH,CH,CH,OH NaOH CH,CH,C-OH ?(4) ?(3)
> Write an equation representing the oxidation of each of the following compounds: a. 3-Hexanol b. 2-Methylpentanal c. 3-Pentanone
> List several aldehydes and ketones used as food or fragrance chemicals.
> Write a general equation showing the reaction of a strong base with a carboxylic acid.
> Carboxylic acids are described as weak acids. To what extent do carboxylic acids generally dissociate?
> Write a general equation showing the preparation of a carboxylic acid from an alcohol.
> Provide the IUPAC name for each of the following aromatic carboxylic acids. a. b. c. CH,CH,CH,COOH CH;CHCH ,COOH CH,CHCOOH
> The primary structure of a protein known as histone H4, which tightly binds DNA, is identical in all mammals and differs by only one amino acid between the calf and pea seedlings. What does this extraordinary conservation of primary structure imply about
> Which member in each of the following pairs would have a higher boiling point? || a. CH;CH2OH or CH;CH || b. CH3(CH2),CH3 CH3(CH,),CH or
