Why is resonance an important concept in bonding?
> Why are amino acids zwitterions at pH 7.0?
> Draw the d- and l-isomers of valine. Which would you expect to find in nature?
> Provide two examples of proteins that are required for movement.
> What is the function of regulatory proteins?
> Describe the steps used in writing the net ionic equation for a reaction.
> A solution of Na2CO3 is mixed with a solution of CaCl2. A white precipitate is formed. Write the net ionic equation for the reaction, and identify the white precipitate.
> List some natural sources of carbohydrates.
> What are the functions of structural proteins?
> Define the term antibody.
> What are some common sources of dietary protein?
> What biological molecules contain pyrimidine rings?
> Write a balanced equation for the hydrogenation of 2-hexenoic acid.
> Explain the evidence for a relationship between gaminobutyric acid and aggressive behavior.
> Describe the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure.
> What is the correlation between saturated fats in the diet and atherosclerosis?
> What symptoms are associated with a deficiency of serotonin?
> What is the physiological function of gluconeogenesis?
> What is the function of norepinephrine?
> Draw the five-carbon isoprene unit.
> What is a terpene?
> Write a complete equation for the reaction of methyl butyrate and NaOH. Write the IUPAC name for each of the organic reactants and products.
> How has our understanding of the steroid sex hormones contributed to the development of oral contraceptives?
> How does cholesterol contribute to atherosclerosis?
> Why are sphingomyelins amphipathic?
> In addition to HCl, what is the product of the reaction of a primary amine with an acid chloride? Draw the structure of that product and describe its features.
> What are the two major types of sphingolipids?
> Draw one possible structure of a triglyceride that contains the three fatty acids capric acid, lauric acid, and arachidonic acid.
> Solutions containing Mg(NO3)2(aq) and NaOH(aq) are mixed. Will a precipitate form? If so, write its formula.
> What do you predict the physical state would be of a triglyceride with three unsaturated fatty acid tails? Explain your reasoning.
> Why are triglycerides also referred to as triacylglycerols?
> Define the term phosphatidate.
> What is the recommendation of the National Institutes of Health for intake of DHA, EPA, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid?
> List some foods that are good sources of a-linolenic acid.
> What foods are good sources of EPA and DHA?
> What are the functions of thromboxane A2 and leukotrienes?
> What is the role of prostaglandins in the inflammatory response?
> What molecules are formed from arachidonic acid?
> Write an equation for the esterification of glycerol with a molecule of capric acid, a molecule of oleic acid, and a molecule of stearic acid.
> a. Define feedback inhibition. b. Describe the role of allosteric enzymes in feedback inhibition. c. Is this positive or negative allosterism?
> Write an equation for the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of a triglyceride containing a molecule of palmitoleic acid, a molecule of oleic acid, and a molecule of palmitic acid.
> Write the complete equation for the esterification of arachidic acid and ethyl alcohol. Write the IUPAC name for each of the organic reactants and products.
> Write equations for the reactions of lauric acid and linoleic acid with KOH.
> Write an equation for the esterification of glycerol with three molecules of palmitic acid.
> Draw the structures of each of the following fatty acids: a. trans-5-Decenoic acid b. cis-5-Decenoic acid
> What is an aldotriose?
> As the number of carbon-carbon double bonds in fatty acids increases, what is the effect on the melting point?
> Write the structures for a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid.
> Why are lipids (triglycerides) such an efficient molecule for the storage of energy in the body?
> What is the role of lysosomes in the metabolism of plasma lipoproteins?
> What is meant by the term fused ring?
> Using condensed formulas, draw the mono-, di-, and triglycerides that would result from the esterification of glycerol with each of the following fatty acids. a. Palmitic acid b. Lauric acid
> Explain why organophosphates are considered to be poisons.
> How do antihistamines function to control the allergic response?
> How does Prozac relieve the symptoms of depression?
> What is the starting material in the synthesis of dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine?
> List some examples of heteropolysaccharides. (Hint: Refer to A Medical Perspective: Monosaccharide Derivatives and Heteropolysaccharides of Medical Interest.)
> What products are formed when methyl o-bromobenzoate reacts with each of the following? a. Aqueous acid and heat b. Aqueous base and heat
> What is the major structural form of sugar in a plant?
> Complete each of the following reactions by supplying the missing product(s). a. CH3NH2 1 HI −−−−→? b. CH3CH2NH2 1 HBr −−−−→? c. (CH3CH2)2NH 1 HCl −−−−→?
> Which is more likely to be a silent mutation, a point mutation or a deletion mutation? Explain your reasoning.
> What form of sugar is used as the major transport sugar in a plant?
> What is the name of the amide bond formed between two amino acids?
> What are the major physiological effects of galactosemia?
> Sucrose is a disaccharide formed by linking a-d-glucose and β-d-fructose by an (a1 → β2) bond. Draw the structure of this disaccharide.
> What is an acetal?
> Explain why ketoses can be oxidized in the Benedict’s test, in contrast to ketones which cannot.
> What is a chiral carbon atom?
> When an acid anhydride and an amine are combined, an amide is formed. This approach may be used to synthesize acetaminophen, the active ingredient in Tylenol. Using the reactants provided here, draw the structure of the amide product, acetaminophen:
> In the Fischer Projections you drew for Practice Problem 16.2 at the end of Example 16.2, indicate which bonds project toward you and which project into the page. Practice Problem 16.2: Draw Fischer Projections for each of the following molecules and f
> Which of the following ionic compounds will form a precipitate in water? a. PbCO3 b. Na2CO3 c. Pb(NO3)2 d. Na2NO3
> Explain why the cyclization of d-glucose forms a hemiacetal.
> Draw all the possible stereoisomers of each of the following compounds, and indicate which are enantiomers, diastereomers, or meso compounds. a. b. CH2OHCHOHCHClCH2OH CH,ČCHOHCHOHČCH,
> Draw all the possible stereoisomers of each of the following compounds, and indicate which are enantiomers, diastereomers, or meso compounds. a. b. ÇOOH H- -H H- -Br H- CI H- н COOH CHO H- OH H- -Br CHO
> Draw a Fischer Projection formula for each of the following compounds. Indicate each of the chiral carbons with an asterisk (*). a. b. c. С-Н H-Ć-H HO-C-H Но-С—Н HO-C-H ČH,OH C-H H-C-H Н-С—ОН он CH,OH С-Н HO-C-H HO-C-H НО-С—Н Н-С—ОН HO-C-H ČH,OH
> Determine whether each of the following is a d- or l-sugar: a. b. c. CH H- -OH Он H -ОН CH,OH CH H- -OH H- FOH HO -H- ČHOH CH H- -O- HO -H ČH,OH
> The linear structure of d-glucose is shown in Figure 16.7. Draw its mirror image. Figure 16.7: CH,OH H H H но OH CH,OH H-C-OH 5C-OH Он H а-D-Glucose HO-C-H 3 OH H H-Ç-OH Но HO'H) -C E. H-C-OH 5 H OH CH,OH он H D-Glucose (орen-chain form) но H 2 ОН
> Erythritol is a four-carbon sugar alcohol and xylitol is a five-carbon sugar alcohol. Like sorbitol and mannitol, they are used as sugar substitutes. Xylitol has the additional benefit of reducing dental cavities and promoting remineralization of the tee
> Define the term meso compound.
> Explain the difference between: a. A ketohexose and an aldohexose b. A triose and a pentose
> Why is the salt of an amine appreciably more soluble in water than the amine from which it was formed?
> Label each of the following statements as true or false and explain why. a. A reaction is at equilibrium when no reactants remain. b. A reaction at equilibrium is undergoing continual change.
> Write an equation for the reaction that would produce each of the following amines: a. Octanamine b. N-Methylpropanamine c. N, N-Diethylpentanamine
> Draw an aldotetrose. Note each chiral carbon with an asterisk (*).
> Define the term enantiomer.
> Draw all of the different possible aldotetroses of molecular formula C4H8O4.
> Draw the open-chain form of the sugars in Question 16.27. Question 16.27: Identify each of the following sugars. CH,OH CH,OH a. C. H. O OH // Но /H/ H. OH H HOOH H. H Но H. ОН H ОН b. НОСН, OH н но, CH-OH H ОН Н
> What is a hexose?
> Define the term ketose.
> Draw and provide the name of an aldotriose.
> Refer to Figure 15.2 and draw hydrogen bonding between two primary amines. Figure 15.2: H H H H H H 'N H 8- 8+ H H 'N H H H H H °C H H H H N H 'N H H H H H H H H 8* H H H (а) (b) do to to E io to
> Some disaccharides are often referred to by their common names. What are the chemical names of (a) milk sugar, (b) beet sugar, and (c) cane sugar?
> How many g of helium must be added to a balloon containing 8.00 g helium gas to double its volume? Assume no change in temperature or pressure.
> What is a polysaccharide?
> What is the function of cellulose in the human diet? How does this relate to the structure of cellulose?
> Show the structure of the thioester that would be formed between coenzyme A and stearic acid.
> Draw the structure of l-galactose.
> Why is L-dopa used to treat Parkinson’s disease rather than dopamine?
> What are the two general classes of neurotransmitters? What distinguishes them from one another?
> Does glycine have a chiral carbon? Explain your reasoning.
> Draw a dipeptide composed of glycine and alanine. Begin by drawing glycine with its amino group on the left. Circle the amide bond.
