Question: Write a general equation representing the

> Name each of the reactant alcohols and product aldehydes in Practice Problem 12.7, at the end of Example 12.7, using the IUPAC Nomenclature System. Hint: Refer to Example 12.7, as well as to Section 13.2, to name the aldehyde products. Practice Problem

> Write an equation demonstrating each of the following chemical transformations: a. Oxidation of an alcohol to an aldehyde b. Oxidation of an alcohol to a ketone c. Dehydration of a cyclic alcohol to a cycloalkene d. Hydrogenation of an alkene to an alkan

> We have seen that ethanol is metabolized to ethanal (acetaldehyde) in the liver. What would be the product formed, under the same conditions, from each of the following alcohols? a. CH3OH b. CH3CH2CH2OH c. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

> Write an equation showing the dehydration of each of the following alcohols. Name each of the reactants and products using the IUPAC Nomenclature System. a. b. CH;CHCH,CH, ÓH OH CH

> Draw the alkene products of the dehydration of the following alcohols: a. 2-Butanol b. 1-Butanol c. 2-Propanol d. 4-Bromo-2-hexanol

> Write a general equation representing the oxidation of a 38 alcohol.

> Why would a deficiency of a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase cause chronic lactic acidosis?

> Write a general equation representing the oxidation of a 18 alcohol.

> Write a general equation representing the preparation of an alcohol by hydrogenation of an aldehyde or a ketone.

> If a bottle of distilled alcoholic spirits—for example, scotch whiskey—is labeled as 80 proof, what is the percentage of alcohol in the scotch?

> Why do wines typically have an alcohol concentration of 12–13%?

> Describe what is meant by a trans-isomer of an alkene.

> Classify the alcohol product in Practice Problem 12.5, at the end of Example 12.5, as a primary (18), secondary (28), or tertiary (38) alcohol, and provide the IUPAC name. Practice Problem 12.5: Write an equation representing the reduction of butanone.

> Name each of the following alcohols using the IUPAC Nomenclature System: a. b. c. d. ОН CH; ОН Br CH,CHCH,CHCH,CHCH, Он он он ÓH CH;CH,CHCHCHCH; ÓH ОН

> Draw the structure of each of the following compounds: a. Pentyl alcohol b. Isopropyl alcohol c. Octyl alcohol d. Propyl alcohol

> Draw each of the following alcohols: a. 1-Iodo-2-butanol b. 1,2-Butanediol c. Cyclobutanol

> Draw each of the following, using condensed formulas and line formulas: a. 3-Methyl-4-ethyl-3-hexanol b. 1-Bromo-2-methyl-3-pentanol c. 2,4-Dimethylcyclohexano

> Calculate the number of g of solute that would be needed to make each of the following solutions: a. 2.50 × 102 mL of 0.100 M NaBr b. 2.50 × 102 mL of 0.200 M KOH

> Give the IUPAC name for each of the following compounds: a. CH3C(CH2CH3)2CH(CH3) CH2CH2CH2OH b. CH3CH2CH(OH)CH2CH2CH3 c. CH3CH2CHClCHBrCH2CH2OH

> Briefly describe the rules for determining the common names for alcohols.

> Why do alcohols have higher boiling points than alkanes?

> Classify each of the following as a primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol: a. 2-Methyl-2-butanol b. 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexanol c. 2,3,4-Trimethylcyclopentanol d. 3,3-Dimethyl-2-pentanol

> Classify each of the following as a primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol: CH,CH, CH;CH,COH ĆH b. CH,CHCH,CHCH, ОН Br CH,CH,CH,OH CH, d. CH,CCH,CH,CH, ÓH

> Give the common name and the IUPAC name for each of the following compounds. a. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH b. CH3CHCH3|OH c. d. OH Br Cl Br OH H;C CH3

> 1-Heptanol has a pleasant aroma and is sometimes used in cosmetics to enhance the fragrance. Draw the condensed formula for 1-heptanol. Is this a primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol?

> Using the IUPAC Nomenclature System, name each of the products and reactants in the reactions described in Question 11.15. The following equation represents the bromination of 1-pentene: Question 11.15: Write balanced equations for the complete chlori

> Explain the relationship between the water solubility of alcohols and the number of hydroxyl groups in the molecule.

> Describe the structure of ether molecules.

> Describe the relationship between the formation of ketone bodies and β -oxidation.

> What is carbolic acid? How did Joseph Lister use carbolic acid?

> Name each of the following compounds, using the IUPAC system. d. ÇH, CH, а. Br CH, ÇH, b. NO, NO, e. O,N NO2 Br CH,CH, с.

> What chemical characteristic of the aromatic hydrocarbons is most distinctive?

> Draw the structure of each of the following compounds and write a balanced equation for the bromination of each: a. 3-Methyl-1,4-hexadiene b. 4-Bromo-1,3-pentadiene c. 3-Chloro-2,4-hexadiene d. 3-Bromo-1,3-cyclohexadiene

> Write an equation for the addition reaction that produced each of the following molecules: a. CH3CH2CHOHCH(CH3) CH2CH3 b. CH3CHOHCH2CH3 -с. НО. CH, CH3

> Provide the IUPAC name for each of the following molecules. Write equations for the hydration of each. a. b. CH3CH = CHCH2CH = CHCH2CH = CHCH3 c. CH3CH = CHC(CH3)2CH2CH3 -CH,CH,

> Write an equation representing the synthesis of polypropylene from propene. What are some uses for polypropylene?

> Name each of the following compounds, using the IUPAC system. Be sure to indicate cis or trans where applicable. a. CH3, CH3 с. СН. H. C=C' `CH,C(CH3)3 C=C H CH3 H b. CH3CH2 CH,CH3 C=C CH3 H

> What is meant by the term monomer?

> Bromine is often used as a laboratory spot test for unsaturation in an aliphatic hydrocarbon. Bromine in CCl4 is red. When bromine reacts with an alkene or alkyne, the alkyl halide formed is colorless; hence, a disappearance of the red color is a positiv

> List the general types of information that a chemical equation provides.

> Triple bonds react in a manner analogous to that of double bonds. The extra pair of electrons in the triple bond, however, generally allows 2 mol of a given reactant to add to the triple bond in contrast to 1 mol with the double bond. The “rich get riche

> Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions: a. Hydrogenation of 3,4-dichlorocycloheptene b. Halogenation of 3-methylcyclopentene c. Hydration of cyclobutene d. Hydrohalogenation of cyclohexene

> Predict the major product in each of the following reactions. Name the alkene reactant and the product, using IUPAC nomenclature. a. CH3. Ni. ? + H, `CH, H b. (CH;),C=CHCH,CH,CH, + H,0 H, ? (CH,), C=CHCH, + Br2 d. CH,C(CH3,CH=CH2 + HCI – ? ?

> Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions: a. Hydration of 1-butyne b. Hydration of 2-butyne

> Draw and name the product in each of the following reactions: a. Cyclopentene + H2O (H+) b. Cyclopentene + HCl c. Cyclopentene + H2 d. Cyclopentene + HI

> Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions: a. 1,4-Pentadiene + H2 b. 3-Methyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene + Cl2 c. 2,4-Heptadiene + Br2 d. 3-Methylcyclopentene + H2O (H+)

> What is the major difference between the hydration of an alkene and the hydration of an alkyne?

> Write a general equation representing the hydration of an alkyne.

> Draw each of the cis-trans isomers in Question 11.5, and provide the complete names using the IUPAC Nomenclature System. Question 11.5: Which of the following molecules can exist as both cis- and transisomers? Explain your reasoning. CH,CH,CCI= C(

> Use examples of specific amino acids to show the variety of weak interactions that maintain tertiary protein structure.

> Write a general equation representing the hydrogenation of an alkyne.

> Provide the IUPAC name for each of the following molecules: a. CH3CBr = CHCH(CH3) CH = CBrCH3 b. CH2 = CHCH(CH3) CH = CHCH(CH2CH3) CH2CH3 c. CH2 = CHC(CH3)2CH = CHCH2CH = CHCH(CH3)2 d. CH3CH(CH3) CH(CH2CH3) CH = CHCH2CH = CHCH(CH3) CH2CH3

> Draw and name all the cis- and trans-isomers in Question 11.51. Question 11.51: Which of the following can exist as cis- and trans-isomers? a. H2C——CH2 b. CH3CH——CHCH3 c. Cl2C——CBr2 d. ClBrC——CClBr e. (CH3)2C——C(CH3)2

> Based on intermolecular forces, rank the following compounds from highest to lowest melting points: a. decane propane methane ethane b. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3(CH2)8CH3 CH3(CH2)6CH3

> Draw the line formula for each of the alkenes in Question 11.47. Question 11.47: Which of the following alkenes can exist as cis-trans isomers? Explain your reasoning. a. 1-Heptene b. 2-Heptene c. 3-Heptene d. 2-Methyl-2-hexene e. 3-Methyl-2-hexene

> Draw each of the following compounds using condensed formulas: a. 3,3,5-Trimethyl-1-hexene b. 1-Bromo-3-chloro-1-heptyne c. 3-Heptyne

> Name each of the following using the IUPAC Nomenclature System: a. CH3CH(CH3) CH2CH ≡ C(CH3)2 b. CH2ClCH (CH3) C ≡ CH c. CH3CHClCH2CH2CH2C ≡ CH Br. Cl d.

> Draw a condensed formula for each of the following compounds: a. 2-Hexyne b. 4-Methyl-1-pentyne c. 1-Chloro-4,4,5-trimethyl-2-heptyne d. 2-Bromo-3-chloro-7,8-dimethyl-4-decyne

> Provide the complete IUPAC name for each of the compounds in Question 11.3. Question 11.3: In each of the following pairs of molecules, identify the cis-isomer and the trans-isomer. H H H CH CH3 а. C=C C=C CH;CH, CH,CH3 CH;CH2 H Br, b. Br. CH3 C=C

> What is meant by a geometric isomer?

> Describe the major differences between ionic and covalent bonds.

> Arrange the following groups of molecules from the highest to the lowest melting points. b.

> Convert the condensed structures in Question 10.33 into line formulas. Question 10.33: a. CH3CH2CH2OH b. CH3CH2CH2NH2 c. d. // e. f. CH3CH2OCH2CH3 g. CH3CH2CH2I CH;CH,CH,C=0 CH;CH,CH,C=0 ОН

> What are the bond angles in ethyne?

> Convert the following condensed formulas into structural formulas: a. CH3CH2CH(CH2CH3) CH2CH2CH3 b. CH3CH(CH3) CH(CH3) CH2CH2CH2CH3

> What are the bond angles in ethene?

> What are the characteristic functional groups of alkenes and alkynes?

> Convert the structural formulas in Question 10.22 into condensed formulas. Question 10.22: a. b. c. H. H H-C-H Н-С-Н H H H H ннн H-C-H H Н-С—Н H H H H-C-H H нн H-C=C-C-C=Ċ-C=Ċ-Ċ-C=Ċ-H нн H H H H-C-H H-C-H H H. нн H HÇ=C-C-Ç=C-H H H Н-С—Н H

> Draw each of the following compounds: a. 2,3-Dichlorotoluene b. 3-Bromoaniline c. 1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzene d. o-Nitrotoluene e. p-Xylene f. o-Dibromobenzene

> Is the final product in each of the reactions in Question 11.19 an aldehyde or a ketone? Question 11.19: Write equations for the complete hydration of each of the following alkynes: a. H3CC———CH b. H3CC———CCH2CH3

> Name the following compounds using the IUPAC Nomenclature System: a. CH3C———CCH2CH3 b. CH3CH2CHBrCHBrCH2C———CH c. CH3CH(CH3) CCl—— C(CH3) CH(CH3)2 d. CH3CH(CH2CH3) C———CCHClCH3

> A bacterial culture is given 14C-labeled pyruvate as its sole source of carbon and energy. The following is the structure of the radiolabeled pyruvate. CH3-C*-C-o

> Write an equation for the hydration of each of the following alkenes. Predict the major product of each of the reactions. a. CH2——CHCH2CH2CH3 b. CH3CH2CH2CH—— CHCH3 c. CH3CHBrCH2CH—— CHCH2Cl d. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH—— CHCH3

> Using the IUPAC Nomenclature System, name each of the products and reactants in the reactions described in Question 11.13. Question 11.13: Write a balanced equation for the addition of bromine to each of the following alkenes. Draw the products and rea

> Using the IUPAC Nomenclature System, name each of the products and reactants in the reactions described in Question 11.11. Question 11.11: Write balanced equations for the complete hydrogenation of each of the following alkynes: a. H3CC ———CCH3 b. H3C

> Write balanced equations for the hydrogenation of 1-butene and cis-2-butene. CH-(CH,-CH=CH-(CH,) -CH2 CH,CH),-CH,-CH (CH,)- CH2 зн, 200°С, CH 25 рsі, metal catalyst CH3-(CH2-CH=CH-(CH2)7 + CH(CH2)7-CH-CH-(CH2) CH CH3-(CH2-CH=CH-(CH2)7 -CH2 CHCH2),-C

> Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of each of the following: a. pentane b. hexane c. octane d. ethane

> Explain why halogenation of an alkane is a substitution reaction.

> What is meant by free rotation around a carbon-carbon single bond? Why can’t conformations be separated from one another?

> Why is the staggered conformation of ethane more stable than the eclipsed conformation?

> Name each of the following compounds: a. с. H;C CH3 Br b. CH3 d. CH3 В Br

> Draw the structures of each of the following compounds: a. trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclooctane b. cis-1,3-Dichlorocyclohexane c. cis-1,3-Dibromocyclobutane

> Explain how Rutherford concluded that the atom is principally empty space.

> What are the weak interactions that maintain the tertiary structure of a protein?

> Which of the following names are correct and which are incorrect? If incorrect, write the correct name. a. 1,4,5-Tetrabromocyclohexane b. 1,3-Dimethylcyclobutane c. 1,2-Dichlorocyclopentane d. 3-Bromocyclopentane

> How many isomers of dibromocyclobutane can you construct? As in Question 10.83, use a set of molecular models to construct the isomers and then draw them. Question 10.83: How many geometric and structural isomers of dichlorocyclopropane can you constru

> Draw each of the following cycloalkanes: a. 1,2,3-Trichlorocyclopropane b. 1,1-Dibromo-3-chlorocyclobutane c. 1,2,4-Trimethylcycloheptane d. 1,2-Dichloro-3,3-dimethylcyclohexane

> Name each of the following cycloalkanes, using the IUPAC system: a. b. c. d. Br Br Br CI ICH3 H,C Cl CH3

> How do linear, continuous-chain alkanes differ from branched-chain alkanes?

> How does the general formula of a cycloalkane compare with that of an alkane?

> What are the potential advantages and disadvantages of breeder reactors?

> Draw the structures of the following compounds. Are the names provided correct or incorrect? If they are incorrect, give the correct name. a. 1,4-Dimethylbutane b. 1,2-Dichlorohexane c. 2,3-Dimethylbutane d. 1,2-Diethylethane

> What is the OH2 concentration of each solution in Question 8.71? Question 8.71: a. 1.0 × 10-6 M b. 1.0 × 10-8 M c. 5.6 × 10-4 M

> Which of the following structures are incorrect? Describe the problem in those that are incorrect. a. CH3CH(CH3)2CH2CH3 b. CH3(CH2)5CH3 c. CH2CH2C(CH3) CH2CH2CH3 d. CH3CH2CH(CH3)3CH3

> The enzyme aconitase catalyzes the isomerization of citrate into isocitrate. Discuss the two reactions catalyzed by aconitase in terms of the chemistry of alcohols and alkenes.

> Which of the following pairs of molecules are identical compounds? Which are constitutional isomers? a. CH3CH2CH(CH3) CH2CH3 CH3C(CH3)2CH2CH2CH3 b. CH3CH2CH2CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3) CH3 CH3CH(CH3) CH2CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH2CH3

> Which of the following pairs of compounds are identical? Which are constitutional isomers? Which are completely unrelated? a. b c. d. Br Br CH;CH,CHCH3 and CH;CHCH,CH3 Br CH3 CH3 CH;CH,CHCH,CHCH3 and CH,CHCH,CHCH,CH, Br Br Br CH,ČCH,CH, and BrĊCH,

> Name all of the isomers that you obtained in Question 10.63. Question 10.63: Draw a complete structural formula for each of the straight-chain isomers of the following alkanes: a. C4H9Br b. C4H8Br2

> Name the following using the IUPAC Nomenclature System: a. b. c. d. CI CH,CHCHCH,CH3 Cl CH3 CH;CH,CCH,CHCH3 1. 1. ČH, ČH3 CH, CH3 CH,CH,CHCHCHCH3 CH3 Br CHCH,CH,CH- Br

> Provide the IUPAC name for each of the following compounds: a. b. CH3CHClCH2CH2CH2Cl c. CH;CH,CHCH,CHCH,CH3 ČH3 ČH; ČH,CH3 CH3 CH3C Br CH3