For each incorrect electron configuration in Question 2.89, assume that the number of electrons is correct, identify the element, and write the correct electron configuration. Question 2.89: Which of the following electron configurations are not possible? Why? a. 1s2 1p2 b. 1s2 2s2 2p2 c. 2s2 2s2 2p6 2d1 d. 1s2 2s3
> Label each of the following statements as true or false. If false, correct the statement. a. Energy can be created or destroyed. b. Energy can be converted from electrical energy to light energy. c. Conversion of energy from one form to another can occur
> Why is the melting point of silicon much higher than that of argon, even though argon has a greater molar mass?
> Rank the following temperatures from coldest to hottest: zero degrees Celsius, zero degrees Fahrenheit, zero Kelvin
> Calculate the number of eq/L of SO42- in a solution that is 2.5 × 10-3 M in SO42-.
> Explain why a dialysis solution must have an elevated potassium ion concentration when loss of potassium ions from the blood is a concern.
> The sequence of a gene on the mRNA is normally AUGCCCGACUUU. A point mutation in the gene results in the mRNA sequence AUGCCGGACUUU. What are the amino acid sequences of the normal and mutant proteins? Would you expect this to be a silent mutation?
> Predict the number of valence electrons in an atom of: a. carbon b. phosphorus c. sulfur d. chlorine
> The pH of blood plasma from a patient was found to be 7.6, a life-threatening situation. Calculate the ratio [HCO3-]/[H2CO3] in this sample of blood plasma. (Ka of H2CO3, carbonic acid, is 4.5 × 10-7.)
> Which volume is smaller: 1.0 L or 1.0 qt?
> Highly substituted alkyl fluorides, called perfluoroalkanes, are often used as artificial blood substitutes. These perfluoroalkanes have the ability to transport O2 through the bloodstream as blood does. Some even have twice the O2 transport capability a
> Which volume is smaller: 50.0 mL or 0.500 L?
> What is the function of unsaturation in the hydrocarbon tails of membrane lipids?
> A newborn is 21 in in length and weighs 6 lb 9 oz. Describe the baby in metric units.
> List the enzymes whose levels are elevated as a result of hepatitis or cirrhosis of the liver.
> If a drop of blood has a volume of 0.05 mL, how many drops of blood are in the adult described in Question 1.99? Question 1.99: A 150 lb adult has approximately 9 pt of blood. How many L of blood does the individual have?
> What are the nine essential amino acids?
> Noble gases in the third period and beyond can undergo covalent bonding. All have an expanded octet. Draw the Lewis structure of XeF2.
> Use the concept of charges to explain why an alpha particle fired toward the nucleus is deflected away from the nucleus.
> How are citric acid cycle intermediates replenished when they are in demand for biosynthesis?
> Convert 7.5 × 10-3 cm to mm.
> What amino acids are synthesized from a-ketoglutarate?
> Use the concept of charges to explain why cathode rays are specifically deflected toward the positive pole by external electric fields and magnetic fields.
> Three ATP are hydrolyzed to provide the energy for the urea cycle.
> Convert 5.0 qt to: a. gal b. pt c. L d. mL e. µL
> How does glucagon affect lipid metabolism?
> Distinguish between an intensive property and an extensive property.
> How does glucagon affect carbohydrate metabolism?
> Triglycerides (Chapters 17 and 23) are used in biochemical systems to store energy; they can be formed from glycerol and fatty acids. The molecular formula of glycerol isC3H8O3. Calculate: a. the formula mass of glycerol b. the number of oxygen atoms in
> Describe what is meant by an extensive property and give an example.
> Where is glucagon produced?
> Why is it important to always include units when recording measurements?
> What are the primary target cells of glucagon?
> Give examples of pure substances and mixtures.
> What are the primary target cells of insulin?
> Express each of the following numbers in standard notation: a. 3.24 × 103 b. 1.50 × 104 c. 4.579 × 10-1 d. -6.83 × 105 e. -8.21 3× 10-2 f. 2.9979× 108 g. 1.50 × 100 h. 6.02 × 1023
> What is the trigger that causes insulin to be secreted into the bloodstream?
> Perform each of the following operations, reporting the answer with the proper number of significant figures: (16.0)(0.1879) а. d. 18 + 52.1 45.3 (76.32)(1.53) b. e. 58.17 – 57.79 0.052 (0.0063)(57.8) с.
> What is the source of the glycerol molecule that is used in the synthesis of triglycerides?
> Sally and Gertrude were comparing their weight-loss regimens. Sally started her diet weighing 193 lb. In 1 year she weighed 145 lb. Gertrude started her diet weighing 80 kg. At the end of the year, she weighed 65 kg. Who lost the most weight? a. Describe
> Round the following numbers to three significant figures: a. 123700 b. 0.00285792 c. 1.421 × 10-3 d. 53.2995 e. 16.96 f. 507.5
> Why can’t the brain use fatty acids as fuel?
> How many significant figures are represented in each of the following numbers? a. 3.8 × 10-3 b. 5.20 × 102 c. 0.00261 d. 24 e. 240 f. 2.40
> How are triglyceride synthesis and degradation regulated in adipose tissue?
> Explain what is meant by each of the following terms: a. error b. uncertainty
> Why is the liver unable to utilize ketone bodies as an energy source?
> Determine the temperature reading of the following thermometer to the correct number of significant figures. | 25.2 | 25.3
> How are the fatty acids synthesized in the liver transported to adipose tissue?
> Rank the following from least to greatest mass. cg, µg, Mg
> Under what conditions does the brain use ketone bodies as a source of energy?
> Explain the differences among the three states of matter in terms of volume and shape.
> In what cellular compartments do fatty acid biosynthesis and β -oxidation occur?
> What metric unit for length is similar to the English yd?
> What molecules involved in fatty acid degradation and fatty acid biosynthesis contain the phosphopantetheine group?
> Explain the difference between mass and weight.
> What is the function of NADPH in fatty acid biosynthesis?
> What is the acyl group carrier in fatty acid biosynthesis?
> Write symbols for each isotope: a. Each atom contains one proton and two neutrons. b. Each atom contains 92 protons and 146 neutrons.
> When does the brain use ketone bodies?
> Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) may be formed from salicylic acid and acetic acid as follows: a. Is this equation balanced? If not, complete the balancing. b. How many mol of aspirin may be produced from 1.00 × 102 mol salicylic acid? c. H
> Label each of the following as either a homogeneous mixture or a heterogeneous mixture: a. gasoline b. vegetable soup c. concrete d. hot coffee
> How does the presence of ketone bodies in the blood lead to ketoacidosis?
> Label each of the following as either a pure substance or a mixture: a. sucrose (table sugar) b. orange juice c. urine d. tears
> To what class of enzymes does succinate dehydrogenase belong? Explain your answer.
> Label each of the following properties of sodium as either a physical property or a chemical property: a. When exposed to air, sodium forms a white oxide. b. The density of sodium metal at 250C is 0.97 g/cm3.
> What would be the fate of HMG-CoA produced in ketogenesis if it were produced in the cell cytoplasm?
> Label each of the following as either a physical change or a chemical reaction: a. A puddle of water evaporates. b. Food is digested. c. Wood is burned.
> Define ketoacidosis.
> Iodine-131 is an isotope used in thyroid therapy. a. How many protons are found in one atom of iodine-131? b. How many neutrons are found in one atom of iodine-131?
> What are the chemical properties of ketone bodies?
> If we were to remove all of the helium from the mixture described in Question 5.86, what would the partial pressures of N2 and F2 be? Why? What is the new total pressure? Question 5.86: A gas mixture has three components, N2, F2, and He. The partial pr
> Label each of the following as pertaining to either a solid, liquid, or gas. a. It has a fixed volume, but not a fixed shape. b. The attractive forces between particles are very pronounced. c. The particles are far apart.
> How many ATP molecules are produced from each acetyl CoA molecule generated in b-oxidation that enters the citric acid cycle?
> List the differences between chemical changes and physical changes.
> What is the function of oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle?
> a. How many protons are in the nucleus of the isotope In-115? b. How many neutrons are in the nucleus of the isotope In-115?
> How many molecules of ATP are produced by the complete degradation of glucose via glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation?
> An atom has nineteen protons, twenty neutrons, and nineteen electrons. Write the symbol of the atom.
> What products are formed when the v-phenyl-labeled carboxylic acid 5-phenylpentanoic acid is degraded by b-oxidation?
> Calculate the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in: a. (17^37) Cl b. (11^23) Na c. (36^84) Kr
> Which reaction in b-oxidation is a hydration reaction? What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction? Write an equation representing this reaction.
> What medical condition is indicated by elevated blood serum levels of amylase and lipase?
> The nuclei of three different atoms are depicted in the diagrams below. Which ones are isotopes, if any? = proton = neutron (a) (b) (c)
> What is the reactant that is oxidized in the reaction catalyzed by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase? What is the reactant that is reduced in this reaction?
> Label each of the following statements as true or false: a. An atom with an atomic number of 7 and a mass of 14 is identical to an atom with an atomic number of 6 and a mass of 14. b. Neutral atoms have the same number of electrons as protons. c. The mas
> The reaction catalyzed by fumarase is an example of the hydration of an alkene to produce an alcohol. Write the equation for this reaction. What is meant by the term hydration reaction?
> Why is the number of electrons not part of the mass number of an atom?
> Which bond in fatty acyl CoA is a high-energy bond?
> Using periodic trends, rank Br, I, and F in order of increasing a. atomic size b. ionization energy c. electron affinity
> The pair of reactions catalyzed by aconitase results in the conversion of isocitrate to its isomer citrate. What are isomers?
> Discuss the difference between theory and scientific law.
> What is the function of colipase in the digestion of dietary lipids?
> Describe the process occurring at the molecular level that accounts for the property of surface tension.
> The model of methane in Question 1.27 has limitations, as do all models. What are these limitations? Question 1.27: What are the characteristics of methane emphasized by the following model? H H°c H H
> a. What are very low-density lipoproteins? b. Compare the function of VLDLs with that of chylomicrons.
> What data would be required to estimate the mass of planet earth?
> Why are triglycerides more efficient energy-storage molecules than glycogen?
> Why is observation a critical starting point for any scientific study?
> Why are the lipases that are found in saliva and in the stomach not very effective at digesting triglycerides?
> Define energy and explain the importance of energy in chemistry.
> What is the major metabolic function of adipose tissue?
