Why is observation a critical starting point for any scientific study?
> Under what conditions does the brain use ketone bodies as a source of energy?
> For each incorrect electron configuration in Question 2.89, assume that the number of electrons is correct, identify the element, and write the correct electron configuration. Question 2.89: Which of the following electron configurations are not possib
> Explain the differences among the three states of matter in terms of volume and shape.
> In what cellular compartments do fatty acid biosynthesis and β -oxidation occur?
> What metric unit for length is similar to the English yd?
> What molecules involved in fatty acid degradation and fatty acid biosynthesis contain the phosphopantetheine group?
> Explain the difference between mass and weight.
> What is the function of NADPH in fatty acid biosynthesis?
> What is the acyl group carrier in fatty acid biosynthesis?
> Write symbols for each isotope: a. Each atom contains one proton and two neutrons. b. Each atom contains 92 protons and 146 neutrons.
> When does the brain use ketone bodies?
> Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) may be formed from salicylic acid and acetic acid as follows: a. Is this equation balanced? If not, complete the balancing. b. How many mol of aspirin may be produced from 1.00 × 102 mol salicylic acid? c. H
> Label each of the following as either a homogeneous mixture or a heterogeneous mixture: a. gasoline b. vegetable soup c. concrete d. hot coffee
> How does the presence of ketone bodies in the blood lead to ketoacidosis?
> Label each of the following as either a pure substance or a mixture: a. sucrose (table sugar) b. orange juice c. urine d. tears
> To what class of enzymes does succinate dehydrogenase belong? Explain your answer.
> Label each of the following properties of sodium as either a physical property or a chemical property: a. When exposed to air, sodium forms a white oxide. b. The density of sodium metal at 250C is 0.97 g/cm3.
> What would be the fate of HMG-CoA produced in ketogenesis if it were produced in the cell cytoplasm?
> Label each of the following as either a physical change or a chemical reaction: a. A puddle of water evaporates. b. Food is digested. c. Wood is burned.
> Define ketoacidosis.
> Iodine-131 is an isotope used in thyroid therapy. a. How many protons are found in one atom of iodine-131? b. How many neutrons are found in one atom of iodine-131?
> What are the chemical properties of ketone bodies?
> If we were to remove all of the helium from the mixture described in Question 5.86, what would the partial pressures of N2 and F2 be? Why? What is the new total pressure? Question 5.86: A gas mixture has three components, N2, F2, and He. The partial pr
> Label each of the following as pertaining to either a solid, liquid, or gas. a. It has a fixed volume, but not a fixed shape. b. The attractive forces between particles are very pronounced. c. The particles are far apart.
> How many ATP molecules are produced from each acetyl CoA molecule generated in b-oxidation that enters the citric acid cycle?
> List the differences between chemical changes and physical changes.
> What is the function of oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle?
> a. How many protons are in the nucleus of the isotope In-115? b. How many neutrons are in the nucleus of the isotope In-115?
> How many molecules of ATP are produced by the complete degradation of glucose via glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation?
> An atom has nineteen protons, twenty neutrons, and nineteen electrons. Write the symbol of the atom.
> What products are formed when the v-phenyl-labeled carboxylic acid 5-phenylpentanoic acid is degraded by b-oxidation?
> Calculate the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in: a. (17^37) Cl b. (11^23) Na c. (36^84) Kr
> Which reaction in b-oxidation is a hydration reaction? What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction? Write an equation representing this reaction.
> What medical condition is indicated by elevated blood serum levels of amylase and lipase?
> The nuclei of three different atoms are depicted in the diagrams below. Which ones are isotopes, if any? = proton = neutron (a) (b) (c)
> What is the reactant that is oxidized in the reaction catalyzed by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase? What is the reactant that is reduced in this reaction?
> Label each of the following statements as true or false: a. An atom with an atomic number of 7 and a mass of 14 is identical to an atom with an atomic number of 6 and a mass of 14. b. Neutral atoms have the same number of electrons as protons. c. The mas
> The reaction catalyzed by fumarase is an example of the hydration of an alkene to produce an alcohol. Write the equation for this reaction. What is meant by the term hydration reaction?
> Why is the number of electrons not part of the mass number of an atom?
> Which bond in fatty acyl CoA is a high-energy bond?
> Using periodic trends, rank Br, I, and F in order of increasing a. atomic size b. ionization energy c. electron affinity
> The pair of reactions catalyzed by aconitase results in the conversion of isocitrate to its isomer citrate. What are isomers?
> Discuss the difference between theory and scientific law.
> What is the function of colipase in the digestion of dietary lipids?
> Describe the process occurring at the molecular level that accounts for the property of surface tension.
> The model of methane in Question 1.27 has limitations, as do all models. What are these limitations? Question 1.27: What are the characteristics of methane emphasized by the following model? H H°c H H
> a. What are very low-density lipoproteins? b. Compare the function of VLDLs with that of chylomicrons.
> What data would be required to estimate the mass of planet earth?
> Why are triglycerides more efficient energy-storage molecules than glycogen?
> Why are the lipases that are found in saliva and in the stomach not very effective at digesting triglycerides?
> Define energy and explain the importance of energy in chemistry.
> What is the major metabolic function of adipose tissue?
> Convert 2.00 × 102 J to units of cal.
> What tissue is the major storage depot for lipids?
> How does the reaction described in Question 22.101 allow the citric acid cycle to fulfill its roles in both catabolism and anabolism? Question 22.101: Write a balanced equation for the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase.
> Report the result of each of the following operations using the proper number of significant figures: 27.2 x 15.63 а. 4.79 x 105 с. 3.58 е. 4.0 1.84 0.7911 11.4 x 10-4 f. 13.6 b. 18.02 x 1.6 d. 3.58 x 4.0 = 0.45
> Why is colipase needed for lipid digestion?
> Report the result of the following addition to the proper number of significant figures and in scientific notation. 4.80 × 108 + 9.149 × 102
> Draw the structure of a triglyceride composed of glycerol, palmitoleic acid, linolenic acid, and oleic acid.
> Report the result of each of the following to the proper number of significant figures: a. 7.939 + 6.26 = b. 2.4 - 8.321 = c. 2.333 + 1.56 - 0.29 =
> In Figure 23.1, a micelle composed of the phospholipid lecithin is shown. Why is lecithin a good molecule for the formation of micelles? Figure 23.1: H,C-0-C-R,. HC-0-C-R2 НС — О— Р-О -0 CH2 CH2 CH, +N4 -CH3 CH3
> Using the periodic table, write the symbol for each of the following and label as a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal. a. sulfur b. oxygen c. phosphorus d. nitrogen
> To what class of lipids do the bile salts belong?
> Represent each of the following numbers in scientific notation, showing only significant digits: a. 48.20 b. 480.0 c. 0.126 d. 9,200 e. 0.0520 f. 822
> Summarize the effects of the hormone glucagon on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
> Draw the Lewis structure of each of the following compounds and predict its geometry using the VSEPR theory. a. SeO2 b. SeO3
> Predict which of the following bonds are polar, and, if polar, use a vector to indicate in which direction the electrons are pulled: a. Si—Cl b. S—Cl c. H—C d. C—C
> List five biological activities that require ATP.
> Use transformations to sketch the graph of the function. y = -sin 2x
> Draw, by hand, a rough sketch of the graph of each function. (a). y = sin x (b). y = tan x (c). y = ex (d). y = ln x (e). y = 1/x (f). y = |x| (g). y = √x
> Sketch by hand, on the same axes, the graphs of the following functions. (a). f (x) = x (b). g (x) = x2 (c). h (x) = x3 (d). j (x) = x4
> What is a mathematical model?
> What is an increasing function?
> How is the composite function f0g defined? What is its domain?
> (a). Sketch the curve by using the parametric equations to plot points. Indicate with an arrow the direction in which the curve is traced as t increases. (b). Eliminate the parameter to find a Cartesian equation of the curve. х 3 3t — 5, у 3D 2t + 1
> Sketch the curve by using the parametric equations to plot points. Indicate with an arrow the direction in which the curve is traced as increases. x = t? + 1, y = t² - t, -2 <t< 2
> A function is given by a table of values, a graph, a formula, or a verbal description. Determine whether it is one-to-one. f (x) = x2 - 2x
> A function is given by a table of values, a graph, a formula, or a verbal description. Determine whether it is one-to-one. y
> (a). What is a parametric curve? (b). How do you sketch a parametric curve? (c). Why might a parametric curve be more useful than a curve of the form y = f (x)?
> A function is given by a table of values, a graph, a formula, or a verbal description. Determine whether it is one-to-one.
> A function is given by a table of values, a graph, a formula, or a verbal description. Determine whether it is one-to-one. у.
> A function is given by a table of values, a graph, a formula, or a verbal description. Determine whether it is one-to-one. yA
> A function is given by a table of values, a graph, a formula, or a verbal description. Determine whether it is one-to-one. 1 2 3 4 5 6 f(x) 1.0 1.9 2.8 3.5 3.1 2.9
> Find the exact value of each expression. (a). log2 6 - log2 15 + log2 20 (b). log3 100 - log3 18 - log3 50
> Let g (x) = 3√1-x3. (a). Find g-1. How is it related to g? (b). Graph g. How do you explain your answer to part (a)?
> A function is given by a table of values, a graph, a formula, or a verbal description. Determine whether it is one-to-one. 1 2 3 4 5 6 f(x) 1.5 2.0 3.6 5.3 2.8 2.0
> Find an explicit formula for f-1 and use it to graph f-1, f and the line y = x on the same screen. To check your work, see whether the graphs of f and f-1 are reflections about the line. f(x) = x* + 1, I> 0
> Find a formula for the inverse of the function. f (x) = 1 + √2 + 3x
> Determine whether the statement is true or false. If it is true, explain why. If it is false, explain why or give an example that disproves the statement. 1. If f is a function, then f (s + t) = f (s) + f (t). 2. If f (s) = f (t), then s = t. 3. If f is
> (a). Eliminate the parameter to find a Cartesian equation of the curve. (b). Sketch the curve and indicate with an arrow the direction in which the curve is traced as the parameter increases. x = tan*e, y = sec 0, -7/2 < 0 < m/2
> (a). If f0 (x) = 1/ 2-x and fn+1 = f00 fn for n = 0, 1, 2, find an expression for fn (x) and use mathematical induction to prove it. (b). Graph f0, f1, f2, f3 on the same screen and describe the effects of repeated composition.
> Prove that 1 + 3 + 5 + … + (2n -1) = n2.
> Prove that if n is a positive integer, then 7n -1 is divisible by 6.
> Is it true that f 0 (g+ h) = f0g + f0h?
> A driver sets out on a journey. For the first half of the distance she drives at the leisurely pace of 30 mi/h; she drives the second half at 60 mi/h. What is her average speed on this trip?
> Use indirect reasoning to prove that log25 is an irrational number.
> Sketch the region in the plane consisting of all points (x, y) such that |x – y| + |x| - |y| < 2
> Sketch the region in the plane consisting of all points (x, y) such that |x| + |y| < 1.
> Draw the graph of the equation x + |x| = y + |y|.
> Solve the inequality |x – 1| - |x - 3| > 5.
